Re: quota system and Pakistan
Stats can be used in all ways to draw wrong conclusions.
How many people in Karachi are educated vs how many native Sindhis are? sure this can be used to draw conclusion that government isn't spending on Sindhis education.
sure man, but u can draw right conclusions too. although what you have is a hypothesis, then you will relate it to actual spending and see whether teh hypothsis you concluded with is infact accurate.
Karachites are more educated than ppl in any other place in Pakistan, now that may be a valid observation its a simple stat. When u look at correlation yeah u can add factors and draw all kinds of conclusions from it, if you have the right data. more correlations you add, the more data you need because the 'conclusions' that you may come up with may or may not be real and if they are you have to understand further root causes for it.
in your example if you look at per capita expenditure on education and then per capita literacy then you can see what the ROI is for the educational investments in different parts of the country. that still gives you an incomplete picture, u then have to factor in teacher education and training, facilities, salaries, educational level of parents, economic conditions..many factors to get some sort of comprehensive picture. however simple correlations could show simple findings, u have to drill down to find out how related two variables are and what impact do other variables which you have not factored play.
what if you did an assessment of expenditure and education level and the findings are that the spending per capita is more but the literacy levels are low, what then. would you leave with the conclusion that the less you spend per capita, the better results you get? :) you may see that in US, actually there was a study nto too long ago where diff areas and spending vs results were shown and some areas had betetr results with less spending than others...no u have to dig in further and see what other variables are playing a role. likewise when you see that expenditure levels atre directly proportional to education levels, you may come to the conclusion that high expenditure means higher literacy rate..which makes sense, but maybe you are not factoring in major factors like the ones mentioned that play a role.
comprehensive stats would help understand the situation better. U may get to a point where there are no stats but to understand the phenomenon better you will have to then get those stats.
sorry to bore you, but I live with trade stats, surveys, population sampling, and such sort of correlations and insights day and night.