Re: Good Non-Muslim People
I think some of our difficulty here is not knowing when (mutually) to take what very literally and when to just try and understand a concept.
On the part that you had highlighted, my purpose is to show the importance that Hindu philosophies place on causality rather than a single universal goal whether it be paradise or unity or God. This of course leads to a variety of disagreements then and that is why we have so many major and minor schools of philosophy within and outside of Hinduism. (As a side note, I think this diversity of philosophy, the level and strength of it, is one of the reasons it is easier for a Hindu to accept and co-exist with other religions).
This does not directly address my concerns about Shirk. In Islam the sense of being good to people is still there just like in the philosophies of Hinduism. I would however insist in saying that Muslims should have no reason not to co-exist with other religions, but the aim is not to co-exist and be assimilated or diluted and it is towards providing a basis for the best understanding for others to adopt Islam in the long run. This fact appears confrontational but is no more confrontational than being made to accept norms and those norms which are actually harmful to society.
If you are able to take a look at some of the Vedanta discussions you will find numerous treatises begin with questions such as "what is the purpose of...". Very few will however proscribe an answer....the beauty lies in the indication of the avenues of thought, methods for resolution....one or more of which will apply and appeal to the mind of the inquirer depending upon their then state in life and development.
By 'proscribe' I think you mean 'provide' so I will continue on this basis. Answers are given to important questions. Most questions are not important. However I would interject that the question of 'purpose of life' is worth an answer and those of us who side-step the answer are arguing without knowledge and are like the blind leading the blind. The Qur'an makes this answer clear to us. 'Not but to worship God'. With this answer all of the avenues that the 'blind' provide are acceptable but with a context and it is this context that is called 'guidance'. If one does not intend to find the answers and is overly content on the details then it can be very easy to lead us astray from our direction. It is because we stop looking at universal good and start to concentrate on relative 'good' and that can be disasterous.
Hence Sanathana Dharma is basically a scientific inquiry - dealing with the sciences of the soul spirit and relationships of the self with everything else. Some parts of it will actually read very atheistic - because some rationale of atheists stem from extreme and simplistic objectivity and so you can find such similarity. Key difference being atheists do not seek causes and only argue on effects ultimately.
You see there is a third ... There is a cause, there are effects but there are also consequences of those effects and it is a process of being thorough with the cause-effect situation that will lead to answers. You are walking thata way ... where have you come from? dunno? Then where are you going? And why are you going?
As to God and assigning partners etc - it is my view that it is simply counting a dozen as 1x12 or 2x6 or 3x4....they are all the same. Once a person accepts there is something above all parts of the universe and that no part can comprehend fully that 'something', what difference does it make whether that something is viewed as 1 something or 2 half-somethings or 100 centile somethings?
True monotheism observes the 'Absoluteness' in 'Oneness' that is the indivisible One. Nothing can exceed it. The moment you entertain that notion as above then the one that was presented was never One in the first place.
Einstein is widely credited with advancing the understanding of mass and energy. Many Hindu schools of thought will talk about Shakthi and Shivam.
Darwin espoused on evolution and progression of species through natural selection. Many Hindu schools of thought will talk about evolution symbolized in the avtars of Vishnu.
Now scientists are seriously discussion quantum theories and dimension beyond time space, black holes that swallow time etc. Many Hindu schools of thought will explain the regressive time scale of yughas, how time vascillates and how causality defines and in turn gets redefined by yugha dharmas.
I can go on and on...purpose not being to show that Hinduism or Sanatha Dharma has discovered all there is to it ...but just to show that how it is possible to and necessary to deal with everything including God as both entitities and concepts of the mind seeking something outside itself.
You don't half make things difficult ... God for us is not a concept. The Muslim view of God is the Utter Reality. If anything we are the concept we are the creation. Again to believe otherwise is Shirk.
The difference then between the atheist and the non-atheist is what? If the purpose of religion (any religion) is morality, the non-atheist has a shorter route to learning what the rules of such morality are. The atheist wants to arrive at the root-morals by themsleves without a trust in 'faith'.
But not everybody can withstand the rigor of such causal thinking...even atheists. So they also resort to matters of faith....while the believer needs God to believe, the atheist needs God to deny!
Given this, variations such as which God, partnership or lack thereof etc are minor to the thoughtful mind
You see we put it all most simply. We believe what we are shown from Truth, those who don't may do so because of their own desires. Desire or inertia in their own biases, money, fame, family or traditions. There are truths in Hinduism that people were not prepared to live by so they formed 'excuses'.