Is there a GOD?
by Rafi Ahmed (Ph.D)
*Eternal Universe *
Consider the possibility of an eternal universe, a universe that existed for ever. But the Second of Law of Thermodynamics and the theory of entropy preclude this possibility. If the universe really had existed for an infinitely long period of time, its entropy, the 2 measure of its molecular disorder, would have reached its maximal value; that is, the universe would have suffered a „heat death‟ [9]. The fact that the universe has not yet died in this fashion implies that it cannot have endured for all eternity.
[9]Paul Davies,"The Mind of God: The Scientific Basis for a Rational World" Touchstone Books, New York, 1993.
*Origin of the Universe *
As long as the universe could be conveniently thought of without an end and without a beginning, it remained easy to see its existence as a self-explanatory brute fact and perhaps there was not much need to postulate something else that produced it. But the big-bang theory radically changed the situation. The big bang [5, 11] is a widely-accepted theory of the origin of the universe. According to this theory, more than fourteen billions years ago, the universe emerged from a highly compressed and extremely hot state and then it rapidly cooled down and expanded. The big bang theory is considered a cornerstone of modern cosmology. The big bang theory provides a moment at the origin of the universe when creation could have occurred. At the origin, we encounter a point that physicists call a singularity, at which neither space nor time exists – and at that point the laws of physics break down. If the universe had a beginning, it became entirely sensible, almost inevitable, to ask what produced this beginning. Therefore the idea of the origin of the universe with a singularity implying a role of God in its creation did not sit well with many atheistic scientists [14]. Bondi and Hoyle came up with a steady state theory, in an attempt to explain the expansion of the universe in a way that would not require the universe to have had a beginning. But this theory was readily discarded, as it did not correspond to the observational data. Stephen Hawking, professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, and James Hartle proposed a theory, where the universe has no boundary either in space or in time, that is, it has neither beginning nor end. In his book *A Brief History of Time *[12], Hawking then asked if there was any place for a creator any more. There are several problems with Hawking‟s theory. Hawking's solution uses imaginary time, which is invoked to stipulate imaginary universes. It remains an extremely speculative theory with little chance of experimental verification.
[5.] Owen Gingerich, "God’s Universe", Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
[11.] Steven Weinberg, "The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe", *Basic Books, New York, 1993.
[14.] K. Ferguson, "*The Fire in the Equations: Science Religion and the Search for God", Templeton Foundation Press, Philadelphia, 1994.
[12.] Stephen Hawking, "A Brief History of Time", Bantam, New York, 1996.
*Fine Tuning of the Universe *
The universe with all its laws appears to be delicately balanced and fine-tuned [9, 17] to produce human life. Physicists call this finding the anthropic principle. Many of the basic features of the universe are, in essence, determined by the values that are assigned to the fundamental constants and the initial conditions at the beginning of the universe.
Hawking [12] wrote that if the rate of expansion one second after the big bang had been smaller by even one part in a hundred thousand trillion, the universe would have recollapsed before it reached its present size. If the rate of expansion has been slightly higher, then the galaxies would have never formed. In the anthropic principle, the theist sees a purposeful design, the handiwork of God. The atheist looks upon it as a very lucky coincidence where humans exist in a universe with the right parameters to ponder over the mystery of their existence. But the odds of life appearing in the universe are so infinitesimal, so incredibly small that we need a rational explanation of how something this unlikely could take place.
[9.] Paul Davies, "The Mind of God: The Scientific Basis for a Rational World", Touchstone Books, New York, 1993.
[12.] Stephen Hawking, "A Brief History of Time", Bantam, New York, 1996.
[17.] Allan J. Tobin and Jennie Dusheck, "Asking About Life", Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2004.