Re: Brelvi and Deobandi fiqh (Do we need them?)
wa 'alaikumusalam
This statement of "all of the salaf were atharis" is false. Athari is not an established school of aqeedah.
Imam Maturidi and Imam Ash'ari are the names of Imams who pioneered their respective schools of 'aqeedah. On the other hand there is no pioneer of the Athari aqeedah, because it was not needed. Both Maturidi and Ash'ari are "speculative" schools however Athari is "non-speculative" which means all of the elements of "athari" are contained inside the other two, but extra "speculative" or "deductive" or "derived" elements are added on to the others.
Imam At-Tahawi was the first person to try to reconcile differences between the aqeedahs and create a common ground. This worked for a while but then later in the years the amount of common ground reduced causing the "non-seculative" elements to become condensed.
The people from which most references are taken in the formulation of the Athari aqeedah are from Imam Ibn-e-Taymiyyah, and a line of scholars in that persuasion.
Each generation brings more and more refinements to the Athari aqeedah based on who are "unlike" the salaf.
The commonality between the salaf and the athari is that both did not have an established school of theology. The salaf did not need it, because either they were the authority or they could ask their specific questions to RasoolAllah (SAW) directly. They never called themselves Athari, because that would be nonesensical, Athari comes from the meaning "to leave it alone", so this title comes as a reaction to those people who were criticised for introducing "deductive" mechanisms found in philosophy - i.e. Kalam. As a result those people who were anti-Kalam (anti-deductive) called themselves Athari - i.e. those who leave it alone.
The formulation of Athari as a named aqeedah came after this phenomenon. Although the Athari believe that they have the same aqeedah as the Salaf there is no way to prove or disprove this.
Also, Atharis have popularised themselves as the main combatants to the Muta'zilis, but that is not true - the Ash'aris were. The Ash'aris felt they had to use the tools of Kalam to defeat the Muta'zilis in their own game. They used the methods of "philosophy" to support traditions. Atharis could not have been in this position because they refrained from such discussions (calling them wrong) and resorted to b*****ng instead. Maturidis were like cautious forms Ash'aris and eventually followed in the Kalam sciences. The main difference between the Maturidis and the Ash'aris is that the former believes that humans have no excuse not to follow 'good', but the Ash'aris say that guidance can only come through exposure and hence are more lenient on the 'non-Muslims'.
The first aqeedah that I was exposed to was the Athari one documented by Al-Uthaymein.
I have studied At-Tahawiya and now want to study the two traditional ones in more depth. After having sat with the people and studied with them I know exactly who are of what aqeedah so it is insulting my experience to say that most of the 4 madhabs are Athari. Please provide names of scholars from each if you are so certain.