Re: A question to Agnosts and Atheists?
Speed of light
**299,792.458 km/s is the speed of light in vacuum. However, according to Einstein’s theory of General Relativity, the speed of light appears to vary with the intensity of the gravitational field. **
But 1400 years ago it was stated in the Quran (Koran, the book of Islam) that angels travel in one day the / same distance that the moon travels in 1000 lunar years, that is, 12000 Lunar Orbits Earth Day. Outside gravitational fields 12000 Lunar Orbits / Earth Day turned out to be the known speed of light
Speed of light 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day
**When we compare the speed of light in vacuum with 12000 Lunar Orbits / Earth Day inside the gravitational field of the sun we get 11% difference. When we compare them outside the gravitational field of the sun we get zero% difference: **
The distance to the sun is not a constant; so as the distance to the sun increases the difference in energy causes the length of the lunar orbit to change. When the Earth-moon system exits the solar system 12000 Lunar Orbits / Earth Day becomes equal to the speed of light. Hence, if it is defined inside the gravitational field of the sun then this definition will be wrong with time; however since it is defined outside the gravitational field of the sun then this definition will be true for ever!
**we Muslims believe that angels are low density creatures, and that God created them originally from light. They move at any speed from zero up to the speed of light. It is the angels who carry out God’s orders. Those angels take their orders from a Preserved Tablet somewhere in outer space, and not from God’s Throne. They commute to and from this Preserved Tablet to get their orders from God. In the following verse, the Quran is describing how angels travel when they commute to and from this Tablet.**And the speed at which they commute to and from this Tablet turned out to be the known speed of light
32: 5(Allah) Rules the cosmic affair from the heavens to the Earth. Then this affair travels to Him a distance in one day, at a measure of one thousand years of what you count.
It is the angels who carryout these orders Hence in 1 day, the angels will travel a distance of 1000 years of what they counted. Those people back then followed the lunar calendar and counted 12 lunar months each year. These months are related to the moon and not related to the sun. Since this verse is referring to distance, then Allah is saying that angels travel in one day the same distance that the moon travels in 12000 lunar orbits. Outside gravitational fields this speed turned out to be the known speed of light (the Preserved Tablet is itself outside gravitational fields).
The Earth-moon system covers an angle ø around the sun each lunar month. Every point in this orbit has a certain magnitude and a certain direction. As the moon heads to the sun it speeds up, and as it heads away from the sun it slows down. This creates a sector of the orbit where the moon is speeding up
**But as the Earth goes around the sun, the position of the sun relative to Earth with respect to stars is changing. This makes the sector where the moon is speeding up move forward inside the orbit such that it points to the sun again; similarly the sector where the moon is slowing down moves forward inside the orbit such that it points away from the sun again. Hence the entire orbit changes direction with respect to stars by the same angle it orbits the sun (twist). This means that the orbit is influenced by a net rotational force (like torque around Earth). As the distance to the sun increases to infinity, ø decreases to zero and this force decreases to zero. When we vectorially remove the energy gained from this force we can calculate the total energy and hence the length of the lunar orbit outside gravitational fields. **
Period synodic (sun) sidereal(stars)
**earth day t 24 hours=86400 sec 23 h 56 min 4.0906 sec= 86164.0906 sec
Lunar Month T 29.53059 days 27.321661 days = 655.71986 hours
When the Earth-moon system is still inside the solar system the position of the sun relative to Earth with respect to stars changes; this means that the moon has to make more than 360 degrees with respect to stars in order to point to the sun again. However when the Earth-moon system exits the solar system the position of the sun relative to Earth with respect to stars remains the same, that is, the moon now only has to make 360 degrees with respect to stars in order to point to the sun again (the synodic periods become equal to the sidereal periods). This means that the lunar month with respect to the sun becomes equal to lunar month with respect to stars and Earth day with respect to the sun becomes equal to Earth day with respect to stars. So the 1000 lunar years with respect to sun become equal to 12000 lunar months with respect to stars.
(Also when astronomers study the energy of orbits they use the sidereal system, that is, the moon has to return to the same position with respect to stars and not return to the same position with respect to the sun.)
**Distance: **
Distance traveled by angels in one day = 12000 x Distance traveled by moon during one orbit
**Þ C t’ = 12000 L’
**Where: **
C =Is the speed of angels, which we intend to calculate and then compare to the known speed of light (no external forces, no acceleration, no deceleration).
t’ =Is the Earth Day defined as the time of one rotation of the Earth about its axis with respect to the stars (sidereal); i.e. 23 hr, 56 min, 4.0906 sec = 86164.0906sec.
L’ =Is the length of the lunar orbit outside gravitational fields (no external forces, no acceleration, no deceleration).
Length of Lunar Orbit:
Length of lunar orbit = Velocity x Time (L = V T)
**The velocity of the moon is not constant. NASA measured the spontaneous velocity of the moon at various instances throughout its orbit. These measurements show that the velocity of the moon varies considerably (from 3470 km/hr up to 3873 km/hr); which means that the moon accelerates and decelerates continuously. The average lunar velocity is Vavg = 3682 km/hr. **
The lunar orbit relative to Earth is a low eccentricity ellipse. Most astronomy textbooks calculate the length of the lunar orbit manually by the following equivalent circle method: The radius of the equivalent circle is R = 384267 km, so the length (L) of this orbit relative to Earth is:
L = V T = 2 π R
**Þ **V = 2 π R / T
Substituting R = 384267 km and T = sidereal lunar month = 655.71986 hr:
V = (2 x 3.l4l593 x 384267) / 655.71986 = 3682.092 km/hr
**Although this velocity is correct relative to Earth, this velocity is under the influence of the gravitational pull of the sun. We can vectorially calculate the velocity of the moon relative to Earth without the gravitational pull of the sun and hence the new length of the lunar orbit: **
The work done by the gravitational field of the sun by creating a net rotational force on the lunar orbit (twist )is
Without the sun (isolated Earth-moon system) the moon’s isolated vector remains in the original direction with respect to stars (no twist); but with the sun (compounded system), the moon’s compounded vector changes direction by angle ø with respect to stars each cycle around Earth (twist). This means that the moon’s orbital energy is the vectorial sum of the intrinsic energy of Earth-moon system (kinetic energy of Earth’s spin transferred to the lunar orbit by **
ocean friction](http://www.paklinks.com/l%20ocean_friction); see how below) plus the energy acquired from this twist. **
**Since the distance to the sun is not a constant then as the distance to the sun increases to infinity the lunar orbit loses this twist; but without the energy gained from this twist the orbital radius decreases to R’ = Rcosø (see proof at footnote **ence the moon’s isolated orbital length becomes L’ = 2
Rcosø = Lcosø (i.e. 12000 L ’ / t’ = 12000 Lcosø / t’).
**Speed of Angels: **
So finally we can calculate the speed of angels outside gravitational fields and compare it to the known speed of light 299792.458 km/s:
C t’ = 12000 L’
And L’= L cosø = V T cosø
C t’ = 12000 V T cosø
**C = (12000 V T cosø ) / t’ **
**Substituting the NASA sidereal values of the periods T and t’ (from above table); ø is 26.9295 degrees and could be manually calculated at this footnote **; cosø = 0.8915645, we arrive at the speed of angels as claimed in the Quran:
**C = (12000 x 3682.092 x 655.71986 x 0.8915645) / 86164.0906 **
c=299792.5 km
Exactly the known Speed o
SPEED OF LIGHT outside gravitational fields = 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day
Since the distance to the sun is not a constant then if it is defined inside the gravitational field of the sun and not outside it then this definition will be wrong with time; however since it is defined outside the gravitational field of the sun then this definition will be true forever:
Ocean Friction
Do you remember the oceanic high tide and low tide? Well they are caused by lunar gravity. This figure teaches you how ocean friction transfers the kinetic energy of Earth’s spin to the lunar orbit:
**Ocean friction is causing the rotation of Earth to slow down, that is, for the days to get longer (t’ increases). And as Earth’s rotation slows down the moon recedes (R’ increases). For the moon to orbit Earth with the same velocity and altitude but without any assistance from the sun, it needs to acquire even more energy from Earth’s spin; that is t’ has to increase until R’ = R. **
c = 12000 L’ / t ’ = 12000 2 π R’ / t’
**Both R’ and t’ are increasing but due to a fundamental law in astronomy the ratio R’ / t ’ remains the same: The tidal force decelerating Earth is the same force pushing the moon. Since the force pushing the moon is gravitational, then it is inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the moon. Similarly, this same force decelerating Earth is proportional to the change in kinetic energy in Earth’s spin, that is, it is inversely proportional to the square of Earth day. This makes the square of the distance to the moon to be directly proportional to the square of Earth day. This implies that the distance to the moon remains proportional to Earth day. Hence R’ / t’ is a constant equal to 3.976120966 (R’ / t’ = R cosø / t’). This makes the equation in the Quran c = 12000 L’ / t’ to be composed only of constants, with no variables. Hence, 12000 Lunar Orbits/ Earth Day is a constant forever.As the moon acquires more energy from Earth’s spin it does not actually speed up, instead it slows down because it orbits at a higher altitude (R’ increases). This is also what happens when energy is transferred from stars to their orbiting planets, they slow down and recede. **
4.5 billion years ago the moon formed when a planet the size of Mars collided with Earth. On impact, Earth gained angular momentum (rotational speed). This angular momentum has been slowly transferring to the lunar orbit. On impact of that planet with Earth, the molten debris recoiled with a certain escape velocity and sucked vaporized water and some gases from Earth’s atmosphere. This debris clustered to form the moon. But the moon couldn’t maintain those gases because its gravity was extremely weak and it didn’t have a magnetic shield; so it lost those gases and settled in orbit without this mass. The equation in the Quran c = 12000 Lunar Orbits/ Earth Day has been true in the isolated system ever since the moon first lost this mass, that is, since the early creation of the Earth-moon; is true today and as the moon continues to recede this equation in the Quran will always be true.
**To learn why there are two tidal bulges, one facing the moon and another one opposite to it, **
Variable Speed of Light:
**12000 Lunar Orbits/ Earth Day = 299,792.458 km/s is the speed of light for observers standing outside gravitational fields and looking at light also traveling outside gravitational fields. But an observer near a black hole for example sees the speed of light outside gravitational fields a zillion km/s. This is because the velocity of light appears to vary with the intensity of the gravitational field . **
According to the theory of General Relativity an observer standing outside gravitational fields looks at events inside gravitational fields and sees them in slow motion. When he steps inside those gravitational fields he sees them in normal speeds. But now he looks back at where he was outside gravitational fields and sees the events there in fast motion. In our case the event is the moon orbiting Earth. When an observer in stronger gravitational fields, near a black hole for example, looks at the Earth-moon system he does not see the moon orbiting Earth once every month; instead he sees the moon orbiting Earth once every few seconds; he also sees the length of the lunar orbit to be much longer than we see it. This is because the gravitational field that he is in causes his clock to run slower and his ruler to shrink.
Not only observers in different gravitational fields will not agree on the time period for the lunar orbit but also they will not agree on the length of the lunar orbit either. By using classical orbital mechanics we discovered that all observers will see the speed of light outside gravitational fields equal to 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day; but from General Relativity we know that they will never agree on a value in km/sec. An observer near a black hole for example sees the speed of light outside gravitational fields a zillion km/s, but still equal to 12000 Lunar Orbits/Earth Day! This means that if the speed of angels outside gravitational fields were defined in km / sec then it would have appeared to vary for observers in different gravitational fields; however since this speed was defined in Lunar Orbits/Earth Day then it will never appear to vary to anyone because 12000 Lunar Orbits /Earth Day is common to all observers. Hence outside gravitational fields this equation in the Quran is true for all observers forever
(10:5)It is He (Allah) who made the sun to shine and the moon to light, and destined it in stages; that you may learn to count the years and the mathematics. Allah only created this in truth. He details His Signs for those who are knowledgeable (scientists).