Scholar’s response from http://www.understanding-islam.com
*In my opinion, the most important thing that must always be kept in mind regarding deciding about sombody’s being a Muslim or otherwise is that it is not a matter to be decided by any one or more individuals. In other words, it is not my or any other individual’s jurisdiction to decide whether a person or a group in question is or is not a Muslim.
Calling an individual or a group “Muslim” actually means to make that individual or that group a part of the Muslim ummah, while calling someone or some group “non-Muslim” means that we are separating it from the body of the Muslim ummah. Keeping this in mind, in my opinion, it is only the jurisdiction of the Muslim ummah, in its collective capacity, to call some individual or a group “non-Muslim”.
As far as the Qadianis and the Ahmadis are concerned, they have been termed as non-Muslims, not only by the state of Pakistan but also by the Muslim ummah, as a whole. Due to this reason, I believe that it would not be correct for us to call them “Muslims”. But on the other hand, it would not even be correct to call them “kafirs” or “infidels”. In my opinion, therefore, Qadianis and Ahmadis should only be called “non-Muslims”, because the Muslim ummah does not hold their belief regarding the prophethood of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani to be representative of Islam.
I would like clarify at the outset that declaring someone a “non-Muslim” is not synonymous with declaring someone a “Kafir” (infidel). A “non-Muslim”, obviously, is a person who is not included in the group that we label as “Muslims”. While a “Kafir” is a “rejecter of the truth”. Thus, “Kafir” actually is one who, knowingly, rejects the truth. Rejecting the truth due to lack of knowledge, correct understanding or because of a mistake, does not make a person a “Kafir”. On the contrary, “Kafir” is a person who knowingly turns his back on the truth.
Thus, declaring someone a “non-Muslim”, is quite different from declaring someone a “Kafir”. Moreover, declaring someone a “non-Muslim” does not, in anyway. decide the position of that individual or that group in the hereafter. The All-knowing and the Almighty Himself would decide that position. Declaring someone a non-Muslim is actually a legal matter, which sometimes has to be undertaken for the benefit of the Muslims. Although there can be a difference of opinion as to whether any real benefit would result by such an action or not, yet the thing that needs to be understood is that this action can be taken only by the collectivity of the Muslims.
As far as the criteria of taking this action is concerned, in one of my previous responses to a similar question, I had mentioned that at a particular point when the Qur’an directed the Muslims to take action against the rejecters of faith (opening passage of Surah Al-Taubah), it actually defined that from the perspective of an Islamic state, who should be considered a Muslim. According to that definition, a person who forsakes and repents for his previously held non-Islamic beliefs, who joins the Muslims in regular prayers and who pays Zaka’t to the treasury of the Islamic state, in which he resides shall be considered a Muslim. Now, because the Qur’an has given this explanation regarding who a Muslim is, no further qualification can be imposed on this definition and no qualification mentioned by the Qur’an can be ignored.
The issue of the Ahmadis relates primarily to the first qualification. The Muslims believe that one of the basic beliefs that a Muslim must hold is that Mohammed (pbuh) was the last prophet and messenger of Allah. If any individual or a group does not ascribe to this belief, then according to the collectivity of the Muslims, he does not qualify to be called a “Muslim”. Thus, the Ahmadis were declared “non-Muslims”. Although there can be a difference of opinion regarding whether holding Mohammed (pbuh) to be the last prophet of God is a basic element of Islamic faith or not. Yet, the fact is that the collectivity of the Muslims decided that it was one of the basic beliefs, without which a person cannot qualify to be called a Muslim.
I would like to stress once again that such decisions of the Muslim collectivity are not decisions for the hereafter but for the purpose of the life of this world only. In this world, matters are to be decided on the basis solely of their appearance. Thus, we may, on the basis of the apparent factors decide that a person is not a “Muslim”, yet that person due to a number of factors that remained hidden from us may be among the successful ones in the hereafter. On the other hand, we may hold a person to be a pious Muslim, yet that person due to a number of factors that remained hidden from us may be condemned to hellfire in the hereafter.
What I completely fail to understand is the reason why a scholar or a student of Islam, like myself, should declare an individual or a group non-Muslim. I really see no benefits accruing from such an act. I am sure you would agree with me that the position of an individual in the hereafter is not affected by my opinion about his being a Muslim or a non-Muslim. God shall decide about that position on the basis of His own absolute knowledge, obviously, not on the basis of my or any one else’s opinion about that individual. As far as the worldly benefits of my declaring someone a non-Muslim are concerned, I am completely unaware of any that are likely to follow such a declaration, except for creating an obvious aversion in the hearts of such individual(s) against my call to the path of God. Some people point out that if such a declaration is made, it would result in spreading the knowledge that the beliefs of such and such group are not a part of Islam. I do not agree with this opinion. In my opinion, this advantage can more effectively be enjoyed by merely presenting the true beliefs of Islam in an effective and consistent manner.*
They shoot partypoopers, don’t they?