Suffering of Iraqis through Saddam...

“The fact that Saddam Hussein is spending hundreds of millions to build palaces and refusing to use the humanitarian programme the United Nations has authorised shows the hypocrisy of his claims that he is concerned about his people’s suffering.” - UN official

Wakeup stop blaming the U.S. and look at the facts on what Saddam has done since the Gulf War, he has spent billions of dollars on himself not on his people. Saddam has money to help suffering Iraqis yet he chooses not to.

Saddam Hussein’s priorities are clear. If given control of Iraq’s resources, Saddam Hussein would use them to rearm and threaten the region, not to improve the lot of the Iraqi people.

There is ample proof that lifting sanctions would offer the Iraqi people no relief from neglect at the hands of their government

Sanctions prevent Saddam from spending money on rearmament, but do not stop him from spending money on food and medicine for Iraqis.

Saddam’s priorities are clear: palaces for himself, prisons for his people, and weapons to destroy Iraq’s citizens and its neighbors. He has built 48 palaces for himself since the Gulf War. He would not use Iraq’s resources to improve the lives of Iraqis. Saddam Hussein would use them to rearm and threaten the region.

Don’t let your hate for America blind you from what Saddam is doing to his people.

http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2001/11/4/160806.shtml

http://www.inc.org.uk/English/info/palaces.htm

http://www.inc.org.uk/English/news/2000/2K0428_Saddampalaces_reuters.htm

http://www.munga-una.org.uk/Iraq.htm

Its all true... Saddam is a very corrupted man who kills his own people for the sake of his comfort.

This is a well-known fact... but the point is, If america really wants to bring peace in the world, then it should eliminate all its own WMD, then america should think of eliminating WMD of other countries...

Also, If it wants to topple Saddam, then Massive bombardment on civilians is not the way...

I mean, thats what america has done back in gulf war and thats whats its gonna do now...

I wonder why the bush family hate Iraqis so much... back in gulf war, it was his dad, this time its gonna be his son...

A bit more on the Butcher of Baghdad

Brutality sets Saddam apart even from other dictators

Oct. 15 — Saddam Hussein, says the CIA, is not just an ordinary dictator. What sets him apart is his brutality. Is he a reckless tyrant who will seek and hold power in any way possible, or is he a cunning survivor who will take risks but always manages to stay in power?

“HE’S TWISTED, he’s mentally twisted,” says former Iraqi nuclear scientist Dr. Khidhir Hamza. “He gains enormous pleasure from inflicting pain on people.”
Dr. Hamza, a defector who once worked for Saddam Hussein, calls him a brutal enforcer, a man who rose to power by turning torture into an art form.
“He was a hit man from day one,” says Dr. Hamza, “and he was not looked upon as a thinker or a planner for Iraq’s future.”
For example, only 11 days after becoming president in 1979, Saddam accused party leaders of treason. Cooly smoking a cigar, he watched as the accused were taken out and later executed. And before the Gulf War, he even met visiting U.S. senators wearing a gun on his hip.
“I have not seen that in a lot of meetings with a lot of foreign leaders over many, many years, and I thought that was rather ominous,” says Sen. Richard Shelby, R-Ala., who sits on the Senate Intelligence Committee.

Intelligence officials say what sets Saddam apart from other dictators is his brutality. Government profilers tell NBC News that he is a complete psychopath, sadistic, sociopathic, egocentric, ruthless beyond any measure.
“He’ll use whatever aggression is necessary for his goals without any qualm of conscience,” says former CIA psychiatrist Dr. Jerrold Post. “That’s a very bad combination.”
How did he get this way? Government analysts describe a fatherless boy, raised by a cruel stepfather who was also his uncle. The young Saddam suffered a major depression in high school, and then raised his own two sons in the same culture of violence.
“He brought his sons up by taking them to the torture chamber on outings to show them how it’s done,” says Evan Thomas, assistant managing editor at Newsweek.
But Saddam is also very calculating and obsessed with his role in history. He sees himself as a modern day Saladin, the 12th century Muslim warrior who saved the Arab world from the West. And now, he has created a cult of personality to perpetuate his legend.
The critical question for the U.S. then becomes: If besieged, will Saddam cave in at the last minute to save himself, or use his deadliest weapons rather than give them up?

http://www.msnbc.com/news/821514.asp

Yup he's one real bad fella.

Just thought this was slightly interesting.

Amnesty attacks Iraq torture dossier, The Guardian, 2 December 2002

The [British] government was today accused of manipulating information on human rights abuses in Iraq to build its case for war against Saddam Hussein. Amnesty International said a dossier released today by the foreign secretary, Jack Straw, listing torture, rapes and other abuses perpetrated by the Baghdad regime, is a “cold and calculated manipulation” of the work of human rights activists.

"Let us not forget that these same governments turned a blind eye to Amnesty International’s reports of widespread human rights violations in Iraq before the Gulf war," the group’s secretary general, Irene Khan, said. “They remained silent when thousands of unarmed Kurdish civilians were killed in Halabja in 1988.”

The report contains graphic first-hand accounts by victims of the regime’s human rights abuses, as well as intelligence material and evidence from aid charities working in Iraq. It makes clear that the abuses are carried out as a policy of the Iraqi dictator.

Publication of the dossier is being seen as a further move by the government to make the case for war if President Saddam fails to comply with a UN resolution ordering him to disarm. Baghdad must submit a full declaration of its chemical, biological and nuclear weapons in six days or face “serious consequences” under UN resolution 1441.

A team of UN weapons inspectors has been in Iraq for five days examining suspected arms sites. In the introduction to the document - titled Saddam Hussein: Crimes and Human Rights Abuses - the Foreign Office said: "Iraq is a terrifying place to live.

"People are in constant fear of being denounced as opponents of the regime. They are encouraged to report on the activities of family and neighbours. The security services can strike at any time.

"Arbitrary arrests and killings are commonplace. Between three and four million Iraqis, about 15% of the population, have fled their homeland rather than live under Saddam Hussein’s regime.

“These grave violations of human rights are not the work of a number of overzealous individuals but the deliberate policy of the regime. Fear is Saddam’s chosen method of staying in power.”

Menzies Campbell, the Liberal Democrat foreign affairs spokesman, said: "No one doubts the barbarism of Saddam Hussein. It dates back to the period when, under a Conservative government, the UK was willing to sell him arms-related equipment and to give him substantial financial credit so that he could afford to make purchases. "The issue is whether or not he will fulfil his obligations under the security council resolution 1441.

He said that “justifiable distaste for Saddam Hussein and all his works” should not obscure his obligations to the security council.

Sherif Ali bin al-Hussein of the Iraqi National Congress, which brings together a range of groups opposed to Saddam Hussein, today described the prospect of US military occupation of Iraq as liberation. “Comparisons with Japan or Germany are incorrect,” he told BBC Radio 4’s Today programme. “The true comparison should be with France, Holland or Denmark, looking on Iraq as a liberated country, not a defeated enemy.”

What I don't understand it, if the Brits didn't say anything then, it shouldn't have stopped the multitudes of arabs to condemn them. After all it's one ummah and all. This is just the kind of hypocricy that keep sthese poor populations focusing on some greater evil than that lies within.

I find it slightly interesting that you choose to bold the sentences that favor you point of view (evil West is responsible for Iraqi suffering), instead of the ones that are related to this topic: Suffering of Iraqis through Saddam...

**"People are in constant fear of being denounced as opponents of the regime. They are encouraged to report on the activities of family and neighbours. The security services can strike at any time.

"Arbitrary arrests and killings are commonplace. Between three and four million Iraqis, about 15% of the population, have fled their homeland rather than live under Saddam Hussein's regime.

"These grave violations of human rights are not the work of a number of overzealous individuals but the deliberate policy of the regime. Fear is Saddam's chosen method of staying in power."

Sherif Ali bin al-Hussein of the Iraqi National Congress, which brings together a range of groups opposed to Saddam Hussein, today described the prospect of US military occupation of Iraq as liberation. "Comparisons with Japan or Germany are incorrect," he told BBC Radio 4's Today programme. "The true comparison should be with France, Holland or Denmark, looking on Iraq as a liberated country, not a defeated enemy." **

"What I don't understand it, if the Brits didn't say anything then, it shouldn't have stopped the multitudes of arabs to condemn them. After all it's one ummah and all. This is just the kind of hypocricy that keep sthese poor populations focusing on some greater evil than that lies within."

You know, even now, decades later, with all the facts known, and all the abuse fully published, the world soes not have the stomach to remove Saddam. The US and UK may have been late in pulling their support, but most of the Arab states STILL don't want him removed, and the "Human Rights" folk only want him removed if it is done in a democratic bloodless rebellion. So here we are with the full facts in front of us, and everyone BUT the UK and the US are still waffling.

Pretty ironic....

My thanks, Seminole. i see you highlighted in bold all the parts i had left out. i am sorry but i fail to comprehend what is so wrong about highlighting comments by Amnesty International that focus upon the "calculated manipulation" (as they label it) of selectively issuing demon reports regarding Saddam Hussein. i have nothing against anyone who criticizes dictatorships. Period. Simultaneously i think one has to practice a bit more caution when torture dossiers such as Jack Straw's are released at opportune times simply with the intention of attracting public opinion towards war, not for any humanitarian motives of defending any particular group of suffering civilians.

The blame for the suffering of Iraqi civilians lies squarely at the feet of Saddam, regardless of the "if's", "when's" and "but's" of Western government condemnations. Let's discuss the accuracy of the report instead of its timing. If the report is true, then why wait to publish it? After all, the West was hypocritical and calculating when it ignored the attrocities of 1988.

Wait Seminole,

It appears as if it is a lot better to publish Dossier's that you intend on doing nothing about. Cool!

Perhaps people will give a lot more credance to the abuses of North Korea or Syria if we just put them on a list and expose their abuses, but propose nothing to cure the problem. No, wait, we do that and people still do not see a threat even when North Korea publicly ADMITs that it has a nuclear program in violation of an agreement.

Correct me if I am wrong, but the UK and the US have had nothing good to say about Iraq for the better part of a decade. Now when they are proposing DOING something about it Amnesty takes a cheap shot and and forgets all of the public statements about Iraq for the last decade.

>>The blame for the suffering of Iraqi civilians lies squarely at the feet of Saddam...<<
With all due respect this is not about who is causing the suffering of Iraqi civilians. UTD initiated this thread with the intent of highlighting Hussein's roles in the "suffering of Iraqis". The comments by Amnesty that i quoted do NOTHING to negate those comments by UTD; in fact from one perspective one might believe Amnesty's comments reinforce UTD's statements. Amnesty is simply questioning the 'manipulative' timings of releasing these Saddam-is-demon-incarnate torture dossiers.

>>Let's discuss the accuracy of the report instead of its timing.<<
i am sorry, but which report are you referring to - Amnesty's or Straw's?
With regards to the latter, it is almost as though they prepare these reports in advance; they lie on a shelf somewhere waiting to be picked up and be published only at the most advantageous times. It's not the accuracy of the contents of these reports that are in question (which has been debated repeatedy in other threads), it's their timing that i am dealing with here. Why are they so selectively released? If, as Straw makes out, Saddam is this awful dictator, well he was much the same throughout history not just in these few months during which plans to invade Iraq are materializing in the UK and US. What it boils down to, IMHO, is selective condemnation and the "cold and calculated manipulation" (as Amnesty puts it) of the work of TRUE human rights activists - all in all, a rather serious insult to civilians who have suffered, and will continue to suffer, in Iraq.

Ohio Guy,
Why “now”? Why propose to release this dossier today, months before strategies are being formed to invade Iraq?
:confused: i honestly cannot believe that no one finds the timing of these dossiers extremely selective. Yes so he’s a brutal dictator - we have discussed this numerous times. It’s not as though this is a new revelation for any of us. What is interesting though, IMHO, is that every few months around the time of issuing threats against Iraq, we are entertained with fresh stories of his brutality, of nuclear weapons being developed in his palaces, and even - surely the mother of all ironies - of how brutal he has been towards Kurds. :rolleyes: i suppose all of this has NOTHING whatsoever to do with attempting to sway British public opinion towards favourably considering an attack on Iraq.

So is criticism against the Dossier is that it was released now rather than earlier?

Pardon me,

But I have not heard a speech by Blair or Bush, or virtually any UK or US official since 1991 where Saddam's abuse of his own people HAS NOT been mentioned. Virtually every major speech on Iraq has begun and ended with why Saddam is an unfit ruler. Just because they put a binder on a summary of the FACTS does not meant that the UK and the US have not been the most outspoken critics of Saddam's abuse of his people.

Amnesty, seems to think this is all about Amnesty, and it is not. Amnesty has no plan for improving the plight of the Iraqi's. The have no effective plan to change things for a minute. Yet they think they have cornered the market on moral outrage at the acts of Saddam.

I think that the UK and the US have a right, and an obligation to their citizens to summarize why they are ready to send soldiers, possibly to their deaths to rid the world of this scourge. It is a reminder that action is being taken to rid the world of the worst of the worst.

Frankly this dossier is a better reason, particularly for concerned Muslims, to support the effort to remove Saddam. I think the acts portrayed in the Dossier are a much more compelling reason for action that WMD that poses only a small threat to the US, but has taken the spotlight.

The UK dossier should be applauded and supported, not belittled and undermined by showboating by Amnesty.

Really, who cares about the timing? Obviously UK is trying to drum up support for their actions in Iraq, what's so bizarre about that? It's common practice for all governments to support their positions with such reports. Did you think Straw would release a report this week that detailed the beautifully detailed architecture of Saddam's egotistical palaces and mosques? (And it's been over 10 years that the West has been saying this about Saddam, not just the past few months).

As one who is so concerned about the suffering of Iraqis, why is it always the reaction of the West to this monster, instead of the actions of the monster himself that so concern you? The true,serious insult to Iraqi civilians who have suffered is to continue to placate Saddam and do nothing (other than criticize those who are trying to do something about it)

Let’s not stray to far of the topic.
The tactics of Saddam by Amnesty International…
15/08/2001

Amnesty International called on the Iraqi authorities to put an end to the systematic torture and ill-treatment of political prisoners and to introduce legislative and practical steps to improve the human rights situation in the country.

In a report published today – Iraq: Systematic torture of political prisoners – the organization paints a grim picture of routine torture, whereby horrendous physical and psychological suffering is inflicted upon political prisoners and detainees.

“Victims of torture in Iraq are subjected to a wide range of forms of torture, including the gouging out of eyes, severe beatings and electric shocks,” said Amnesty International, based on interviews with hundreds of torture victims in Iraq over the years. “Some victims have died as a result and many have been left with permanent physical and psychological damage.”

Other methods of torture include extinguishing of cigarettes on various parts of the body, extraction of finger nails and toenails and piercing of the hands with an electric drill. Some have been sexually abused and others have had objects, including broken bottles, forced into their anus. In addition to physical torture, detainees have been threatened with rape and subjected to mock executions.

Over the years many victims of torture have been Shia Muslims from Baghdad or from Southern Iraq. The fate of al-Shaikh Nazzar Kadhim al-Bahadli, a 29-year-old theology student from Saddam City, a district of Baghdad, is typical. He was arrested in 1999 and was tortured for long periods in the building of Saddam City Security Directorate. His wife, father and mother were reportedly brought to the building in August 1999 and were tortured in front of him to force him to confess to being one of those responsible for the April 1999 disturbances in Saddam City. He was said to have confessed in order to spare his relatives any further torture. They were released following his confession but he was sentenced to death later and executed at the beginning of 2001.

Torture is used against other political opponents and army and security officers suspected of dissidence or involvement in coup attempts. Amnesty International’s report also documents torture, ill-treatment and extra-judicial executions of women.

A 25-year-old woman known as “Um Haydar” was beheaded in the street without charge or trial at the end of December 2000 after her husband, who was suspected by the authorities of involvement in Islamist armed activities, fled the country. Um Haydar was taken from her house in al-Karrada district, in front of her children and mother-in-law, by men belonging to Fedaiyye Saddam. Two men held her by the arms and a third pulled her head from behind and beheaded her in front of the residents. The beheading was also witnessed by members of the ruling Ba’ath Party in the area. The security men took the body and the head in a plastic bag and took away the children and mother-in-law. Their fate remains unknown.

The report stresses that torture in Iraq is also practised through various judicial punishments, which were introduced in the mid-1990s ostensibly to stem the increase in the crime rate that the Government attributed to the impact of economic sanctions imposed on the country since 1990. These ‘judicial punishments,’ including amputation of hand and foot, branding of forehead and cutting off of the ears, used to be publicized by the Iraqi media. Such publicity became rarer since the end of 1996, following international condemnation of these punishments.

Amnesty International’s recommendations to the Iraqi authorities include renewed calls to ratify and implement fully in domestic law and practice the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; repeal all decrees imposing punishments amounting to torture; set up an independent body to undertake impartial investigations into all allegations of torture and bring to justice anyone responsible for serious violations; and put an end to all extra-judicial executions.

“The systematic torture and climate of fear that have prevailed in Iraq for so many years must be brought to an end,” Amnesty International said. “The continuing scale and severity of human suffering must not be allowed to continue.”

http://web.amnesty.org/802568F7005C4453/0/167B2399A6F1C6BF80256AA8003BF823?Open&Highlight=2,iraq

[QUOTE]
*Originally posted by underthedome: *
So is criticism against the Dossier is that it was released now rather than earlier?
[/QUOTE]

UnderTheDome
To be fair, i believe there is always a relatively updated Iraq section on the US State Department's website. Fair enough. Now let me quote one comment by the Secretary General of Amnesty Int'l: Let us not forget that these same governments turned a blind eye to Amnesty International's reports of widespread human rights violations in Iraq before the Gulf war. i repeat: i am not criticizing the comments in that report. That's a whole can of worms that i don't have the strength to discuss today. What i'm whining about currently is that, today in 2002, while plans to invade Iraq are being discussed as we speak at No. 10 Downing Street and the White House, we are expected to believe that the release of such dossiers have NOTHING whatsoever to do with swaying British public opinion? Seems like a rather long order doesn't it? Atleast to Amnesty it seems as though the selective timing is a manipulation of the work undertaken by genuine human rights activists. UTD, do you honestly believe that there is no prior thought given to when these dossiers should be released - no thought WHATSOEVER that the timing might hopefully in some way sway public opinion?

[QUOTE]
*Originally posted by Seminole: *
As one who is so concerned about the suffering of Iraqis, why is it always the reaction of the West to this monster, instead of the actions of the monster himself that so concern you? The true,serious insult to Iraqi civilians who have suffered is to continue to placate Saddam and do nothing (other than criticize those who are trying to do something about it)
[/QUOTE]

The truly sad aspect, Seminole, is that this is precisely the type of response i would expect but would have hoped not to receive. For goodness' sake this is not about anti-Americanism, or appeasement, or placating any dictator. It might be convenient for others to engage in simplistic reductions in discussions, but sorry that's not the way it works with myself. Please feel free to open another thread where you can discuss who is causing Iraq's suffering. That is not the purpose of this particular thread.

My thanks,
nadia

Hold tight, here is a Human Rights report published in 1996 by the US State Department specifically quoting HRW regarding Human Rights conditions in Iraq. Correct me if I am wrong, but this sounds pretty much like the UK Dossier:

RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom from:

c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

The security services routinely torture detainees, even though the Government is a party to international conventions against torture and the Constitution prohibits the practice. In his November report, the Special Rapporteur noted the Government’s systemic use of physical and psychological torture, especially in southern Iraq. According to former detainees, torture techniques include brandings, electric shocks administered to the genitals and other areas, beatings, burnings with hot irons, suspension from ceiling fans, dripping acid on the skin, rape, breaking of limbs, denial of food and water, and threats to rape or otherwise harm relatives. Tormentors kill many torture victims and mutilate their bodies before returning them to the victims’ families.

The regime continues to practice amputation of ears and hands, as well as branding, as punishment for crimes ranging from theft to military desertion. Eyewitnesses reported that the Government carried out second amputations and brandings on repeat offenders and on those who sought corrective surgery for earlier disfigurements. In some of these cases, the regime executed the offenders as well as the doctors who either performed corrective surgery or refused to carry out amputations. In his November report, the Special Rapporteur concluded that the amputations and brandings are “gross violations of human rights.”

Several government officials cited Islamic law (Shari’a) as a rationale for amputating the right hands of convicted thieves, but none commented on the punishments imposed on repeat offenders or the Government’s disregard for rights protected under Islamic law. One senior official claimed that brandings were instituted in order to avoid confusing criminals with war veterans who had lost limbs in battle.

The Special Rapporteur, human rights organizations, and opposition groups continue to receive numerous reports of women still suffering severe depression after they were raped while in custody. The security forces allegedly raped women captured during the Anfal Campaign and during the occupation of Kuwait. The Government has never acknowledged these reports of rape or conducted any investigation. Although the regime made a variety of pronouncements against rape and other violent crimes during the year, it took no action against regime activists who committed this abuse.

Certain prisons are notorious for routine mistreatment of prisoners. Al-Rashidiya Prison, on the Tigris River north of Taji, reportedly has torture chambers. The Al-Shamma’iya Prison, located in east Baghdad, holds the mentally ill and is reportedly the site of both torture and disappearances.

The Al-Radwaniyah Prison is a former prisoner-of-war facility near Baghdad and reportedly the site of torture as well as mass executions. This prison was the principal detention center for persons arrested following the civil uprisings of 1991, and returned to prominence in May as the site of executions following an uprising led by members of the Dulaimi clan (see Section 1.a.). Many persons taken into custody in connection with this and other civil uprisings have not been seen since. HRW and others estimate that the Al-Radwaniyah Prison holds more than 5,000 detainees, only a few of whom may have been released following a so-called “amnesty” announcement in July (see Section 1.d.).

There were reports that Iraqi Kurdish groups tortured captured criminal suspects and political opponents. The PKK also reportedly tortured civilians captured in northern Iraq in the latter half of the year.

d. Arbitrary Arrest, Detention, or Exile

Although the Constitution and Legal Code explicitly prohibit arbitrary arrest and detention, the authorities routinely engage in these practices. In his September report, the Special Rapporteur stated that the existence of several repressive laws “quells freedom of thought, information, expression, association, and assembly through fear of arrest.” The military and security services, rather than the ordinary police, carry out most cases of arbitrary arrest and detention. Government officials have linked ending these practices to the lifting of the international embargo. They maintain that the arrests are a temporary preventive measure and do not constitute human rights violations.

In the aftermath of several security incidents, security forces reportedly arrested hundreds of persons perceived as security threats, mainly on the basis of an individual’s personal association or family connection with opponents of the regime. Many of those arrested were reportedly killed while in custody (see Section 1.a.).

According to international human rights groups, numerous foreigners arrested arbitrarily in previous years remain in detention. In March the regime arrested two Americans who unknowingly crossed the Iraqi border with Kuwait. The regime’s efforts to link the fate of the two men to political issues failed, and the two were released in July.

In July the Government issued two “amnesty” decrees: Decree No. 61, for certain convicted criminals, and Decree No. 64 for those convicted of political offenses. The Special Rapporteur noted that Decree No. 61 stipulates that criminals granted amnesty may be convicted again of the same crimes for which they were sentenced and that Decree No. 64 requires those granted amnesty to report to competent authorities in order to benefit. He also noted that because “there is no effective rule of law in Iraq, there will be little confidence in the reliability of amnesty decrees.”

Human rights groups concluded that the amnesties should not be considered legitimate. HRW observed that when some 3,000 residents of southern Iraq came forward for a similar amnesty in 1991, they were placed on trucks and subsequently disappeared. Further, two Iraqis who specifically were granted amnesties before returning from Jordan, where they had earlier defected, were murdered shortly after their return (see Section 1.a.).

There was insufficient information to determine how many persons were released or accepted the amnesties.

The Special Rapporteur and opposition sources reported that the regime continued to target the Shi’a Muslim clergy and their supporters for arbitrary arrest and other abuses. The Government reportedly forced some Shi’a of southern Iraq to move to northern areas near Kirkuk, purportedly to “Arabize” that historically Kurdish area.

At the same time, the Government deported hundreds of Turcomans from their northern Iraqi homes, either to areas outside government control or to southern Iraq. It also refused to allow tens of thousands of Kurds and Turcomans to return to their homes in Kirkuk and Mosul. These forced movements amount to a policy of internal exile (see Section 2.d.). There were no reports that the Government forcibly exiled anyone from Iraq.

…Because the Government rarely acknowledges arrests or imprisonments, it is difficult to estimate the number of political prisoners. Many of the tens of thousands of persons who have disappeared or been killed in recent years were originally held as political prisoners.

…Based on interviews with victims and eyewitnesses, the U.S. Government has concluded that the Iraqi regime engaged in war crimes–willful killing, torture, rape, pillage, hostage-taking, unlawful deportation, and associated acts–directly related to the Gulf War. The U.S. Government continues to urge the U.N. Security Council to establish an international commission to study evidence of a broader range of war crimes, as well as crimes against humanity and possible genocide.

Throughout the year, HRW worked with various governments to bring a genocide case at the International Court of Justice against the Government for its conduct of the Anfal Campaign against the Kurds in 1988. HRW reported that the case is based on the evidence obtained from mass graves, government documents, and interviews with eyewitnesses. HRW and Physicians for Human Rights estimate that between 70,000 and 100,000 Kurds were killed, and up to 4,000 villages destroyed, during the Anfal Campaign. The evidence suggests that government efforts to eliminate Kurdish communities were widespread, systematically planned, and ruthlessly implemented.