Re: Ramadan timings?
As for the question of how the prayer times were calculated at north pole 1400 years ago, given Muslims reached North Pole back then, that would have been a question of Ijtihad. This is another pillar in Islamic jurisprudence besides Quran and Sunnah.Tthe scholars come up with the solution, based on certain principles, to a new problem. I would worry about such things after becoming regular at prayers in areas not so close to the North Pole. :)
So there is a legal way to inject human influence in religion. Humans are humans, no human can be perfect so there is a chance of some wrong things being implemented by Ijtihad. I am not claiming it has happened but there is a chance.
BTW what shadow you are talking about if the day/night cycle is 6 months long. :)