Jizya is not taxes. Its a reperation, a war reperation. It got twisted to mean taxes on jews and Christians. First the Quran never talked about any battles between the prophet and Jews or Christians. All the battles in the Quran are with the pagans. The story of the pagans and the prophet is well documented in the Quran and the Jizya is part of the battles between the prophet and pagans. Its a war reperation, at least thats how i see it in the Quran. Why would the Quran order people to pay taxes to the rulers?
I am not a Mu'tazilite, I am just showing you that the Mu'tazilites never had hadiths to begin with. They never used hadiths or a concept like the Sunnah in their school. Hadiths were unknown and only seemed to have emerged during Shafi' time. We know the muwatta was the first hadith book and we know Shafi was a student of Malik. The hadiths were simply unknown to the masses and if it did spread during the 4 caliphs time it would have been known. Notice Shafi talked about another revelation. That is he introduced a new revelation along with the Quran.
But I agree with you that this is a complicated subject. I really do not like talking about this as an internet forum is not the right place. What i am interested in is what the Quran teaches and how its different from the teachings of the sects. Jizya is one them. The Quran does not have a concept of Dhimmis and taxes and a state. It simply follows the events on the ground as they come along. It follows the prophet like a shadow and deals with matters on the ground. Other than that it talks about the other prophets and their life stories and talks about judgement day and how we should worship God and how we should seek His way.
Sorry, this is not entirely correct. There is a reference to some of the Jews or Christians(most likely Jews) who aided them:
And He brought those of the People of the Scripture who supported them down from their strongholds, and cast panic into their hearts. Some ye slew, and ye made captive some. 33.26
And it seems it was these the Quran was talking:
9.28. O ye who believe! Truly the Pagans are unclean; so let them not, after this year of theirs, approach the Sacred Mosque. And if ye fear poverty, soon will Allah enrich you, if He wills, out of His bounty, for Allah is All-knowing, All-wise. 9.29. Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth of the People of the Book, until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued
Once again this shows that Jizya is for war reperations.
My bad!