Obviously both of them were following Middle Eastern view of the world. Go ahead and add Afghani Kings, and primitive tree dwellers from Africa in the same list.
In fact Mohammad Ali of Egypt in particular is perhaps the pioneer when it comes to Middle Eastern Leaders trying to ape the West with a Middle Eastern /African / tribal world view. Around his time there was an Egyptian author who wrote a book about Japan (pre-WW-II off course), and praised the Japanese for one thing. That Japanese are “standing up to the West”.
Poor Egyptian fella miserably failed to realize that Japan was “cooperating” with the Europeans since 1700’s. How? Japanese were making cheap stuff for the European corporations just like Chinese are doing these days.
This is why it is important to note the world view of a particular region to see why certain things failed or succeeded there. Without this yard stick, you will end up with incomplete analysis and hence inaccurate conclusions.
We cannot put Mustafa Kamal / Turkey in the same group as basket cases like Egypt or Iran.
Sorry.
Turkey is half the population of Pak and 7 times our earning all thanks to them adopting a non-Middle Eastern view of the world. Modern Turkey has always dreamt of becoming Europe and all their actions like joining NATO and application for EU are pointing towards them trying their level best to adopt European view of the world.
That’s why Turkey perhaps is the ONLY Muslim country (with a close second Malaysia) where standard of living is way at the top even when they don’t have large scale oil reserves.
And BTW Malaysian public, thanks to a large section of local Chinese and Indians are following the same approach as other Far Eastern countries like Japan, China, S. Korea, and in particular Singapore.
So yes we have recent examples of countries doing well if they follow Far Eastern countries’ world/life view (and not just do a monkey business with their so-called Middle Eastern style European aping).