Re: original shia part 2
Bibi fatima died in Hazrat Ali’s lifetime, and ofcourse she was pure too. And she is considered a source for religious fiqh, particularly on women’s issues.
Now, regarding whether or not you know if Allah’s desire worked, I personally feel you’re clutching at straws.
However, you have a valid point in saying that purification does not automatically entail the right to govern. For that, shias trace this to the event of the Ghadeer, where the Prophet publicly raised Ali at the last hajj before an assembled jama’at and said “Man kuntu mawla, fa haza ali’yun mawla”. He who Im the “mawla” of, Ali is the “mawla”. This is again agreed upon between shias and sunnis. We differ on the translation of Mawla, whether it means Mawla in the meaning you know, or whether it means various other possibilities, including witness/mother etc.
Again this isnt a historical dispute, shias and sunnis do not disagree on this event happening as far as I know. theres been plenty of threads where ghadeer was mentioned, GS search it and you’ll see this discussion going on (but there is no debate on the event occurring)
by the by, Sunnis do believe that the Khalifa should always come from the Qureish. I wont try to find the basis, I believe its traced to hadith again, but there was a discussion here on GS you might want to search out. edit: i believe khalifa coming from the Qureish came during the nomination of the first Khalifa.. or the second.. one of the first three though Im not sure.
You would see no shia claiming that Ali got the right to govern through inheritance. His accomplishment and purity came through his actions, and his actions alone.
lastly, Shias, the majority atleast, believe that the Quran is complete, word for word. Every one of our imam bargahs is stocked with Qurans published from sunni publishers largely. The missing ayat thing is traced to something from usul e kafi waghera, but unlike sunni theologists, most shias are the first to agree that all books, apart from the Quran, are fallible. long story short: there is no missing ayat.