The formation of the Muslim League in 1906 sprang from UP ashraf (elite Muslim) insecurities in the aftermath of Hindu domination of municipalities and local councils. The Muslim League, despite weak organisation, was able to demonstrate its strength in the 1946 provincial elections through the ** lethal marriage ** of ‘elite communalism’ and ‘popular communalism’, abruptly transforming Jinnah into the “sole spokesman” of the millat at the expense of the more accommodative Muslim politics of Punjab Unionist Party.
‘Imagined Communities’ in a Shaky Subcontinent](http://www.himalmag.com/september2001/review.html)
In the elections of 1946 the Muslim League had won 73 seats, Unionist Party 19, Congress 51, Akalis 21 and independents 11. Punjab was ruled by the Unionist Party in coalition with the Congress and the Akalis. Sir Khizr Hayat Tiwana was the Prime Minister of the state.
Khizr Tiwana: The Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India by Ian Talbot
The Unionist party, having ruled Punjab for nearly three decades, marched towards regionalism. Representing the interests of landlords and peasant proprietors, it symbolised the importance of a cross-communal alliance of Hindu, Sikh and Muslim agriculturalists, in times when communal forces had plagued the rest of the country. It endured the national, communal pressures, circumventing intrusions of national parties and bodies. Hence, the Congress remained ineffective. So did the Muslim League. In effect, Punjab remained isolated from mainstream political pressures and ideological manipulations. The Unionists, in turn, continued with strengthening the forces of Punjabiyat. Hence, a Punjabi identity flourished politically and culturally.
The Punjab puzzle
Sir Chhotu Ram(1891-1945) was one of the most prominent pre-partition politicians in Punjab and an ideologue of the Jat peasantry and a champion of its interests.
He was associated with organizations representing peasant interests like the Zamindar League and the Unionist Party (after resigning from the Congress in 1920). He was one of the founders of the Unionist Party (along with Sir Sikander Hyat Khan).
Sir Chhotu Ram opposed the concept of Pakistan and formed a separate group of thirteen members in the Punjab Assembly when most Muslim Unionists joined the Muslim League. His death brought about the demise of the Unionist Party.
Sir Chhotu Ram