History of Baloch and Balochistan

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:07am

Mir Noori Naseer Khan Ahmedzai Baloch (1749–1794)

**Khan of Kalat Mir Naseer Khan Baloch (1749–1794) was the ruler of the Balochistan during the eighteenth century. He was also known as Noori Naseer Khan the Great. He utilized his nine years of imposed ‘captivity’ under Nadir Shah in studying the history of nations their rise and falls their concepts and ideologies;and the role of religion in the shaping of individuals and states. Nadir Shah observed, “This Baloch Prince is destined to become a great king in the future.”

He was the first ruler of the region who brought about healthy friendly relations with nations, and knit the tribal organization of the Baloch into one Baloch entity. He established a Baloch parliament to function on a workable constitution based on Islamic Sharia (Laws) and Baloch traditions. People came to append the word Wali, meaning ‘a saint’, to his name. Mosques were constructed all over the State, and arrangements were made on Government level to collect Zakat (pool tax incumbent upon all Financially sound Muslims); and laws militating against Islamic concepts were repealed. Through a special decree he made Purdah(veil) compulsory for all Muslim women irrespective of their age. ‘Turan’ -the original name of the land-was changed to ‘Baluchistan’.

The Caliph in Turkey conferred upon him the distinguished titles of Ghazi-e-Deen (Hero of Islam) and Naseer-e-Millat-e-Mohammadiya (the supporter of the followers of Mohammad).**
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Victory Against Persians in 1751 and 1770
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Consequently, Mir Naseer Khan and the Army of Baloch participated with Ahmed Shah Abdali in several expeditions and in some expeditions Naseer Khan was himself in command of the joint forces. His bold and victorious steering of the Battle of Nishapur and Mashhad against the Persians in particular with his 3,000 Baloch forces in 1751 and 1770,so greatly impressed the Afghan King that the latter gave him the title of Brather-e`-Wafadar(the faithful brother),
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Defeat of Ahmed Shah Abdali and Treaty of Kalat in 1758
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** Mir Noori Naseer Khan was in an Alliance with Ahmed Shah Durrani from 1749 to 1757 but he declared himself independent and broke the alliance with Afghans in 1758 as Ahmed Shah started interfering in the internal affairs of Balochistan Ahmed Shah Abdali tried every means of reconciliation to induce him to return to his alliance and agree to pay his usual tribute but Mir Naseer Khan treated the advance of Ahmed Shah with contempt and sent to him in reply a register of the Baloch army which exhibited an aggregate of two hundred thousand armed men ready to take up arms against him and Naseer Khan Baloch also told Ahmed Shah that don’t interfere in my internal affairs for the next time. left with no alternative Ahmed Shah had to dispatch an army against Naseer Khan Baloch under the command of his prime minister Shah Wali Khan Mir Naseer Khan was not frightened at the approach of the Afghan army he levied his troops and as soon as he was informed of the arrival of shah wali khan he issued forth from Mastung to meet him the battle was fought near Pedangabad Mastung, the troops of Shah Wali were defeated by Noori Naseer Khan and forced to retire to a distance of thirty miles from the field of action. hearing the news of defeat Ahmed Shah Durrani came with a huge army of Afghan and non Afghan tribes and defeated Noori Naseer Khan in Mastung District Naseer Khan retreated in all haste to his stronger position in Kalat where Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch Defeated Ahmed Shah Abdali after which the treaty of Kalat was singed between both countries.all those historians who researched on Balochistan, majority of them accepted these reasons and events and as well as the treaty of Kalat in 1758 A.D. like, Mason, Hennery Pottinger, Ganda Singh, Elphinston e and Akhund Mohammad Siddique.The main points of the treaty were following:-

Khan - e- Baloch, Mir Naseer Khan Baloch will not pay any tribute to Shah-e-Afghan in the future

 2) Khan -e-Baloch will not supply San (Military assistance) to Ahmed  Shah Durrani. But provided he is at war against external enemies, the  Khan will supply a military contingent as a token of help, on the  condition that the Afghan King provide annually Rs. 100,000 and military  weapons and provide for the expenditure of the army as rewards

 3) Khan -e- Baloch will not provide any help or asylum to rebel princes  of the Sadozai or Afghan Chiefs. On the other hand, the Afghan King  also will not give any help or refuge to prince of the Royal family of  Kalat -e- Ahmedzai

Shah-e-Afghan in future will never interfere in the internal affairs, disputes and matters of Balochistan

 5) all those areas of Khan -e- Baloch, which are in the possession of  Shah-e-Afghan will be handed over today to Khan -e-Baloch**

**Third Battle of Panipat in 1761
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Similarly, it was Mir Naseer Khan again who, with his army of 25,000 Baloch, came to the help of Ahmed Shah Abdali at the famous Battle of Panipat (1761). It was this combination of outstanding military valor and fighting skill which crushed once and for all the rising Maratha menace in Northern India.
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Victory Against the Sikhs in 1765
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**The Sikhs had formed themselves into a force to be reckoned with as early as 1710,when they made their first incursions into the Upper Doab under Banda-a nondescript follower of Guru Govind Singh. They had sacked Sharanpur, Ambehtan and Nanavath in the Upper Doab; but moved no further till after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, when they once again resumed their infiltrations deeper into the region, finally capturing Lahore in 1764, where they established their short-lived Khalsa State extending from Jhelum to the banks of Jamuna.

It was then that they rose against the Muslims, whose condition was getting progressively weaker due to the onset of the general decline of the Moghul Empire. Sensing danger to the cause of Islam, Ahmed Shah Durrani call for Jehad(religious war) against the Sikh and also sent a massage to Mir Naseer Khan to join him Khan-e-Baloch Mir Naseer Khan, responded readily to it, the latter’s contribution being a contingent of twelve thousand Baloch warriors headed by himself in the front.

Thus it was that a combined Muslim Army of 12,000 Baloch with Afghans who marched into India to meet their common foe in 1765. As always, Naseer Khan was in the forefront but in this particular engagement, he was more enthusiastic and reckless than ever, for if he fell on the battlefield, it would mean Shahadat(martyrdom)-a Divine distinction which every true Muslim must live for.

And so it happened that while Mir Naseer Khan was piercing his way on his horse through the Sikh ranks in a furious outburst near Lahore, he fell off his steed; and as he fell to the ground, the turban he was wearing got loose. As a result, his long hair popped out from beneath his head-wear. One of the Sikh combatants noticing the fall rushed out at him with the sword to secure what could have been his ‘prize-kill’. But as fate would have it, another Sikh hastily halted his comrade’s blow in the nick of time, saying that the man(i e Naseer Khan) was a Khalsa(Sikh)!

The Sikh had naturally mistaken the turban-less Nasir Khan for a Sikh! For, his long hair and unmistakably communal resemblance.

However, by the time the Sikhs became aware of their self-deception, Naseer Khan was once again on his feet and the other Baloch Swordsmen, too, charged and drove back the Sikhs, who eventually suffered a crushing defeat and retreated in haste after which Ahmed Shah encamped in the fort of Rohtas here Ahmed Shah Durrani Thanked Naseer Khan Baloch for his valuable help,granted him the Territory of Quetta and also offered him the territories of Derajat, Multan and Jhang which he declined to except.

On returning to his camp after the encounter, Mir Naseer Khan immediately sent for a barber and got his long hair and beard cropped short in strict accordance with requirements of Sharia(Islamic code of conduct).

For a long time after this, he regretted to have missed the enviable attainment of martyrdom in the cause of Islam on account his resemblance to a kafir(infidel) just because of his misleading long hair and flowing beard.**
Military Organization under Naseer Khan Baloch **
I must here assert that the Baloch are inherently a militant group of tribes. This statement is further substantiated (not that the fact needs any confirmation) by Firdausi in his famous Shahnama in these words:** **
Thus, we see the Baloch depicted as: “People with a warlike spirit, wearing exalted plumes,like the cock’s comb, on their turbans. ”** **

Baluch Society, since ancient times has been military oriented. The annals of Baloch history bear testimony to the fact that even it’s women-folk and children were remarkably skilled in marksmanship and horse-riding. In fact,every male in the tribe who wore a shalwar was a perfect soldier. The Baloch, therefore never needed to maintain a ‘regular army’ as understood in the modern sense of the word. Martial spirit and pursuits were an integral part of their lives. As such, one can almost say that every Baloch home was an epitome of an army by itself. Thus, though there was no ‘recruited’ army, every young and able-bodied man in the tribes held himself in readiness for action whenever his Sardar made the call.** **
However, with the passage of time and evolution of tribal Chieftaincy through the ages, the concept of war-craft underwent a steady transformation, till eventually it assumed the form of a collective fighting force compromising of baggage-men, footmen, infantrymen, cavalrymen and other essential personnel.** **
Mir Naseer Khan, himself an accomplished fighter and commander-who had tackled Indian insurgent elements like the Marhattas and Sikhs, and had watched the warfare techniques of The Persian King Nadir Shah and realized the necessity of maintaining a well-organized army for his Khandom. Accordingly, he chose and stationed a permanent army unit, called Dast-e-Darbar(Palace Regiment) in his capital, numbering twelve hundred men. In emergencies, three additional Divisions used to be raised from among the tribes. These reinforcement units were called Dasta-e-Khas(Special Division); Dasta-e-Doem(Second Division) or the 'Sarawan Lashkar'; and Dasta-e-Soem(Third Division) or the ‘Jhalawan Lashkar’. The Khan-e`-Baluch, Mir Nasir Khan, was the Supreme Commander of this whole body of the State Army. ** **
With each Dasta or Division went a long retinue of Loris(artisans), poets, Hakeems(physicians), and surgeons accompanied by adequate personnel and non combatants to man supplies, transport and communications. The Loris formed,as it were, a ‘mobile workshop’ during war time, repairing damaged arms,spears,swords,saddles,horseshoes,tents and other military wares at the base camps not far off from the scene of action. Their services were thus indispensable to the fighting units.** **

The Raizwars or poets and ballad-singers, too, played an important role during military engagements,inspiring the warriors and maintaining their morale with their moving verses and melodious eulogies of the warriors’ bravery on the battlefield. These poets and bards were,in fact the chroniclers, of dates and events past as well as contemporary history, who preserved the age-long traditions of the Baluches and their fearless performances of valor and chivalry, both on and off the field. ** **

The Hakeems or physicians and surgeons came from the venerable class of Muslims, known as Saadats. Well-versed in religion as well as in medicine and surgery, they played a dual role,treating the wounded and the sick, and leading the congregational prayers and preaching the temporal and spiritual values of Jehad(religious war). Belonging to the genealogical lineage of the Holy Prophet, they commanded a high place and reverence in the esteem of all.** **

The Dehwars,Jamotes,Jats, and Hindus were in charge of supplies and transport and other executive works of the war machinery. The Hindus dealt mainly with supply of rations to the units.** **
Thus, the entire tribal community contributed its might in an apportioned manner during military engagements, with each single Baloch actively involved in his respective operation on the field and at the base.** **

A word about the army formations and their mode of deployment will not be amiss here. I have already mentioned that the State Army compromised of three main Divisions,namely Dasta-e-Khas(the Special Division), Dasta-e-Doem(the Sarawan Division), and Dasta-e`-Soem(the Jhalawan Division). **
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Army of Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch**
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Zagar Mengal 1000
Lasi 1000
Kharani 1000
Sanjrani 1000
Marri 1000
Bugti 1000
Derajati 1000
Makrani 1000
Mirwani 1000
10.Qambrani 1000
Altzai 50
Gurnari 100
Qalandrani 100
Sumalani 1000
Pandrani 100
Dehwar 60
Dehwar of Mastung 60
Jamali 200
Raisani 300
Shahwani 800
Bangulzai 700
Kurd 500
Mohammad Shahi 300
Sarparah 300
Lehri 700
Rind 1000
Langova 700
Pirkani 150
Dehwar of Kalat 50
Various Tribes from Kachi 300
Tribes from Khangarh 500
Tribes from Nasirabad 500
Zehri 1000
Mohammad Hasani 800
Bizenjo 300
Mengal 1000
Magsi 800
Sasoli 300
Khadrani 100
Nichari 100
Jattak 100
Bajoi 100
Sajidi 100
Mohammad Shahi 300
Satakzai 40
Lashari 100
Gichki 100
Rodeni 200**

Military Intelligence

Obtaining of intelligence has always been the most important and integral aspect of warfare since time immemorial. Termed as Chari in the Baluchi Language, this unit or -Dasta-, functioned as the Intelligence Corps of the Khan-e`-Azam’s Armed Forces, it’s a primary purpose gathering information of military value. This unit of picked intelligence men was charged with the mission of supplying information upon which the plan of action would be chalked out

** Weapons **

Baloch traditional weapons of war numbered six, as per lullaby which Baloch mothers even today sing emotionally to the babies at their breasts or in the cradle. This is how a mother wishes to see her son in his manhood: ** **
“May Alam Din(the son) grow into a white-clothed youth and bind on his person the six weapons: shield,gun and dagger,and carry his own quiver full of arrows and the Shirazi Sword of the Rinds. May he ride a swift mare.” ** **
Thus a Baloch mother not only suckles her son with her divine lacteal fluid, but also at the same time instills a martial spirit in her infant through her maternal secretions, longing to see him grow into a fearless youth. **
However during the times of Mir Noori Naeer Khan, Baloch Military hardware consisted mostly of matchlocks,pistols(durhani),swords,daggers,shields and bags(kisag) containing gunpowder. Matchlocks and pistols were used for making a target of the enemy at a distance; but when the fighting became a hand-to-hand affair, the traditional weapons like swords,shields and the daggers would come into their full play. These light and handy weapons were home-made; for practically every Baloch was a competent armorer during his leisure time. Mending and making these implements of war was a pastime of the ever-vigilant youths of the Baloch tribal society. Nevertheless, it was also always an appealing pursuit of the tribesmen to snatch weapons from their enemies and preserve them as cherished souvenirs, which changed hands from father to son as valuable articles of family inheritances. **

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Development of Artillery

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Artillery had yet not made its appearance in Baluch engagements on the front. The honor of introducing artillery in this part of the Indian subcontinent goes to Khan-e`-Azam Mir Naseer Khan, who did so when he returned victoriously after humbling the Marhattas at the famous Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, in co-ordination with Ahmed Shah Abdali of Afghanistan.
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Transport**
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There were one thousand sound-bred camels for transport purposes which were used during campaigns and long marches. One man was in charge of four camels. One hundred horses and camels of the finest pedigree were reserved for the transport of Court Nobles,State Officials,Elder-men,Saadats and other high ranking persons.** **

Whenever the Khan-e`-Azam used to travel between Kalat and Kachi, s retinue of one thousand camels would accompany him,alternating with another one thousand camels which rested for future occasions.** **
Donkeys, too, had their due share in civil as well as military activities,these domesticated animals being used mainly by lower cadres like Loris, cooks and other such personnel.

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"All those regions where the Baloch are settled are part and parcel of our State.”
** Mir Naseer Khan the Khan-e-Baloch"

** His Majesty Mir Noori Naseer Khan Baloch is the Father of Balochistan, he bought together the Baluch as one nation under God, a nation state stretching from Bandar Abbas Iran in the west to Kulachi (Karachi)in the east ,and from Gawader in the south to Harand-Dajal (Dera Ismail Khan) in the north.**

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**REFERENCE

Akhund Muhammad Siddiqui,1984, Akhbar-ul-Abrar, (Tarikh-e-Khawanin-e-Kalat), Translated by: Mir Gul Khan Naseer, Nisa Traders, Quetta
Baloch, Inayatullah,1987, The Problem of Greater Balochistan, GMBH, Stuttgart, Germany
Dames, Long Wroth, 1988, Popular Poetry of Baloches, Balochi Academy, Quetta
Dehwar, Muhammad Saeed, 1990, Tarikh-e-Balochistan, Nisa Traders, Quetta
Durrani. Ashiq Muhammad Khan, Prof. Dr. 1999, Tarikh-e-Afghansitan, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore
Elphinstone, Mont Stuart, 1990, 2nd Edition, The Kingdom of Caboul, Vol-II, Gosha-e-Adab, Quetta
Ganda Singh, Ahmed Shah Durrani, 1990, Gosha-e-Adab, Quetta
Ganjabvi, Noor Mohammad, 1990 Jang Nama, Tohfatul-Naseer, Pakistan Study Centre, University of Balochistan, Quetta
Hart, Lawrance Lak, , 2007, Nadir Shah, (Translated by: Tahir Mansoor Farooqui) Takhliqat Lahore
Hittu, Ram, N.D. Tarikh-e-Balochistan, Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore
Hughes, A. W. reprint, 2002, The Country of Balochistan, Sales and Services, Quetta
Khan, Ahmed Yar, Mir, 2007 Tarikh-e-Qaum-o-Khawanin-e-Baloch, Al-Asar Publications, Lahore
Marri, Shah Muhammad, 2000, Baloch Qaum Aed-e-Qadeem say Asre Hazir Tak, Takhliqat, Lahore
Naseer, Gul Khan, Mir, 1984, Balochi Razmia Shairi, Balochi Academy, Quetta
Naseer, Gul Khan, Mir, 2000, 4th Edition, Tarikh-e-Balochistan, Kalat Publisher, Quetta
Pottinger, Henry, 1986,Travel in Sindh and Balochistan, Indus Publications, Karachi
Sykes, Persi Monsorth, 1940, A History of Afghanistan, Vol -II, London
Sykes, Persi Monsorth, 1940, A History of Persia, Vol-II, London
G.P. Tate, 1973, Kingdom of Afghanistan, Indus Publications, Karachi**
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Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:14am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Mir Abdullah Khan Ahmedzai Baloch (1715 -1730)

Khan of Kalat Mir Abdullah Khan Ahmedzai Baloch (1715 -1730) also known as the Eagle of the Mountain and The Conqueror was the ruler of Balochistan during the eighteenth century.Mir Abdullah Khan Baloch was a very ambitious brave and adventurous person.During his reign,the borders of the Khanate expanded,and he made inroads into Kerman (Iran),Derajat,and Kandahar.Makran was annexed in his time,and he made battles with a kalhora forces.with five thousand strong highly mobile forces,he undertook plundering raids in Kerman,Loralai and Zhob.one of the important development during the reign of Mir Abdullah Khan Baloch was the incorporation of Kachi into the Khanate.The Kalhora in Sindh were in control of the region that was previously a protectorate of Multan province of the Mughals.In 1718,Mir Abdullah Khan entered Kachi and reduced Gajjan,Sanni,Shoran,Dhadar,and Gandava(Ahmedzai 1995). The Khan remained camped in Kachi for months and collected taxes while the Kalhora officials fled from the areas.Advanced in Derajat was another event of that period.In 1719, Mir Abdullah Khan gathered a huge force and attacked Dera Ghazi Khan that was being ruled by a Baloch Confederacy led by Dodai Baloch tribes since early sixteenth century(Ahmadzai, 1995). The Baloch forces from both sides fought bravely,but at the end the Khanate forces prevailed upon the Baloch of Derajat.from Makran the Khan led an expeditionary to reduce Bander Abbas (Iran) to plunder the port not to occupy it but returned to Makran after reducing the surrounding areas of the port and Southern Kerman due to resistance from Europeans guarding their factories in the port.one of the important events during the reign of Mir Abdullah Khan was his confrontation with Ghilzai rulers of Afghanistan after the Makran campaigns in 1724 The Khanate forces under the command of Mir Feroz Raisani Baloch occupied pishin, and the Ghilzai governor of the area fled back to Kandahar.Another force under the command of Mir Sultan Shawani Baloch occupied Shorawak and made it part of Khanate,Emboldened by these success, the Khan assembled a force under the command of Mir Mullah Issa Raisani Baloch to gain further territory north of pishin.Khan of Kalat under the instigation of Nadir Shah sent this expeditionary force toward Kandahar.the ruler of Afghanistan Hussain Hotaki assembled a huge army and confronted the Baloch forces near Chaman.The more experienced forces of Afghanistan outnumbered the Baloch forces.and the commander of the Baloch forces Mullah Issa Raisani was killed in the fight.The defeat of the Baloch forces by the Afghan forces was shocking,and the whole nation begin preparation for a revenge attack.Next Year,in 1725, Khan of Kalat Mir Abdullah Khan Baloch assembled a huge army to attack Kandahar in order to revenge the earlier defeat(Naseer,1979). some fifty miles from Kandahar,the two forces met in a fierce bloody battle. The Afghan Army was defeated, and the Afghan ruler Hussain Hotaki fled from the scene along with his remaining forces to the safety of Kandahar fort.The Baloch legends had mentioned the tales of extraordinary personnel courage shown by Mir Abdullah Khan Baloch during the battle,which forced the Afghan ruler to flee, Mir Abdullah was killed in the battle with Kalhoras in Kachi District still the Baloch prevailed upon the Kalhoras and forced them out of Kachi District Mir Abdullah Khan was also a great Baloch Poet he composed some very remarkable poetry in Balochi.

** Map of Balochistan in AD 1732 after Khan of Kalat Mir Abduallah Khan Baloch .**
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http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC&pg=PR12&lpg=PR12&dq=baloch+origin+baloch+balochistan+by+naseer+dashti&source=bl&ots=VcqYEsNrTW&sig=omdjzXZahKuaodxE0NVIDurHmh4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v54RVKfDMdDqaMGFgegO&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=baloch%20origin%20baloch%20balochistan%20by%20naseer%20dashti&f=false

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:16am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Mir Samandar Khan Ahmedzai Baloch (1697–1713 )

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Khan of Kalat Mir Samandar Khan Ahmedzai Baloch (1697–1713 ) also known as Amir al-Umara means commander of commanders, Amir of Amirs the title which was given to him by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and also got the title of Sakhi means generous, was the ruler of Balochistan during the seventeenth Century. Mir Samander Khan Baloch was confronted with a major threat from Persia.in 1698 a Safavid force from sistan Iran under the command of General Tahmasp,entered the Khanate territory,pillaged Chagai District,and advanced toward Kalat.it was under the orders of Gurgin Khan,grand commander of the Safavid forces in Kandahar Afghanistan and he was tasked to take control of the turan region(Balochistan).Mir Samandar Khan Baloch was in Multan at that time.on hearing the news of Safavid advance, he returned in haste, gathered a force of thirty thousand Baloch fighters,and confronted the Iranian force near kad koocha in Mastung.in the ensuing battle, the iranain forces were crushed defeated, and Mir Samander Khan killed their commander in a one-to-one fight in 1698.the remaining force fled in disarray,and a major threat for the survival of the khanate was thwarted.after beating the Persians and the victory in the struggle against his brother, the khan’s position strengthened,and he was able to pursue the goal of expanding the khanate territory and authority that was stopped with the death of Mir Ahmed Khan Baloch.In 1701 Mir Samandar Khan Attacked the Safavid garrison at Kandahar and defeated Abdullah Khan’s Army and killed his son and also led an expeditionary force into Loralai(Bori)and Zhob.He remained in the area for a month and collected a large booty from the pashtun tribes(Tate,1973).The Khan resumed incursions in the east,and in an expedition during the same year, the Khanate forces snatched the control of Dhaddar and Ghandava from the Kalhoras.during the period of Mir Samander Khan Mughal emperor Aurangzeb not only recognized the Khan’s suzerainty over Balochistan but also extended financial assistance to Khan of Kalat according to Naseer(1979).Emperor Aurangzeb ordered prince Mu’azzam to fix an annual grant of 20,000 rupees for the Khan of Kalat after Mir Samandar Khan successfully repulsed an attack by the Safavid forces under the command of general Tahmasp near Mastung in 1698 and Mir Samandar Khan Baloch also got the title of Amir al-umara means commander of commanders emir of emirs from Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb for handing over the rebellious noor Mohammad Kalhora and dad Mohammad Kalhora to him .the coastal town of karachi was taken from the kalhoras and given to the authority of Khanate by Emperor Aurangzeb that became the main source of revenue generation for the Khan.An annual grant of 40,000 rupees was also fixed for Khan of Kalat from Kalhoras by the order of prince Mu’azzam Mir Samanadar Khan died in 1714.**

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https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC&pg=PR12&lpg=PR12&dq=baloch+origin+baloch+balochistan+by+naseer+dashti&source=bl&ots=VcqYEsNrTW&sig=omdjzXZahKuaodxE0NVIDurHmh4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v54RVKfDMdDqaMGFgegO&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=baloch%20origin%20baloch%20balochistan%20by%20naseer%20dashti&f=false

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:20am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Mir Chakar Khan Rind Baloch (1468–1565)**Mir Chakar Rind (1468–1565) was a Baloch chieftain in the 15th century. He is considered a folk hero of the Baloch people and an important figure in the Baloch epic Hani and Sheh Mureed.In the 15th century, Mir Chakar Khan Rind became the King of Balochistan and established the first Kingdom of Balochistan.It stretched from Kerman in the west to Sindh on the east and from north southern Khorasan, and from Afghanistan and the Punjab to Karachi. Mir Chakar Rind lived in the hills of Sibi and became the head of Rind tribe at the age of 18 after the death of his father Mir Shahak Khan. Mir Chakar’s fiefdom was short-lived because of a civil war between the Lashari and Rind tribes of Balochistan.Mir Gwahram Khan Lashari, head of the Lashari tribe, went to war that resulted in thousands dead, including Mir Chakar’s brother. The war and the gallantry of the two tribe leaders continues to be a part of the Baloch peoples’ history. After the “Thirty Years’ War” against the Lashari Tribe,After defeating Lashari tribe, Mir Chakar Rind went to war against Afghan King Sher Shah Suri. Mir Chakar Rind defeated the Lasharis and then left Balochistan and settled in the Punjab region in 1518.Mir Chakar settled in Satghara in Okara District and gained power and respect in the area. Afghan King Sher Shah Suri approached Mir Chakar to unite with him to consolidate his gains. Mir Chakar appreciated the offer but refused to help Sher Shah Suri and beaten the Afghan armies in Punjab.Under the command of his son, Mir Shahzad or Shahdad Khan, his 40,000 Baloch forces instead joined the Mughal army of Emperor Humayun in 1555,after a long exile in Persia. Emperor Humayun came back, recaptured Delhi, and ousted the Suri dynasty with the help of Mir Chakar Rind along with his 40,000 Baloch Army in 1556. As a reward, Emperor Humayun conferred a vast Jagir, including horses and slaves, to Mir Chakar. Mir Chakar Rind died in 1565. Mir Chakar Rind Also Helped Humayuns Father Babur against Ibrahim Lodi in 1526 . People who accompanied Mir Chakar to Satghara after leaving Balochistan constructed a tomb for his body.

Many members of Mir Chakar’s tribe still live in Satghara, Okara District. The Chief of the tribe is Sardar Yar Muhammad Rind. They live in southern Punjab to this day and speak Sulemani Balochi or the Seraiki language; they still exert considerable influence in the daily affairs of the district.

The Rind tribe is one of oldest and largest Baloch tribes. Its members are spread all over Balochistan, including the western (Iranian) Balochistan. With the passage of time, Rind clans have been formed. Dombki tribe in Sibi, Bakhtiarabad, Bakhshapur, distt: Kashmore Sindh,Gurmani, Khosa, Leghari, Qaisrani, Lund, Buzdar, Dasti (Dashti) and Mastoi tribes in Dera Ghazi Khan, Bugti, Mandwani, Notkani and Marri tribes in eastern Balochistan and Askanis along the coastline.

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Mir Chakar Rind - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:23am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Mazari Baloch Tribe Vs The Sikh Empire in 1836Mazari Baloch Tribe Vs Sikh Empire which was from Punjab to Kashmir to kpk to Kabul Afghanistan

**The Mazari tribe (Balochi: مزاری ) is one of the Baloch tribes in Punjab. Mazari is derived from the Balochi word mazar, which means “Tiger” in the Balochi language. Rojhan-Mazari, a town in the Rajanpur District of the Punjab near the inter-provincial borders of Balochistan, Sindh and Punjab, is the stronghold of the Mazari tribe.

History

The Mazari tribe is one of the oldest tribes of the Baloch. They are famous for their bravery. Old Balochi folklore shows this tribe at various places in history. According to historians like Firdousi**** 940 – 1020 and Mr. Longworth Dames**** (1850–1922), the Mazari’s migrated from the Bampur, Iranian Balochistan, which is also known as Western Balochistan, along with 44 other tribes. They settled in the Bhambore hills before heading east towards the plains of the Sulaiman range at the invitation of Nahar’s. The Mazari’s managed to wrest control from the Nahar’s and hence became the dominant tribe in the area. The Mazari Chief holds the title of Mir and also goes by the styles Tumandar and Sardar. The current chief Is Mir Balakh Sher Khan Mazari who is a former Prime Minister of Pakistan.The title of Khan Bahadur in the family was given to Sardar Rahim Yar Khan Mazari in 1939. The Mazari’s are one of the biggest landlords of Pakistan rough estimations state that they hold 650000 acres of land.

The Mazari tribe commands a great deal of respect amongst the Baloch community of Pakistan as well as other ethnic groups of the region such as Saraiki, Sindhis and Pushtuns. There is a great deal of dignity and respect for women in this tribe.

The area the Mazari’s conquered is still known as Tuman Mazari, it encompassed an area that included most of the district of Kashmore in Sindh, Teh.Sadiqabad, Chatha Baksha Mazari Distct.Jhang and all of Tehsil Rojhan in Punjab. The arrival of the British saw the golden era for the Mazari tribe, the Chief ruled an area from the town of Bhong all the way to the Sulaiman mountain range and from Kashmore to Giamul. This is estimated to be an area of at least 8,000 km sq. The Mazari’s continuously defeated, overwhelmed and annihilated the Nahar’s, Machi’s, Chandia’s, Drishaq’s, Marri’s and Bugti’s and fought many battles against the Sikh’s of Punjab who were the dominant power before the arrival of the British.**

Mazari Baloch Tribe Vs Sikh Empire in Rojhan Tehsil in Rajanpur District** of Punjab**

In 1836, Mithankot, by then a strong Sikh garrison fortress, was attacked by the Mazari Baloch tribal forces under the command of Sardar Karam Khan, the younger brother of the Mazari Chief Sardar Mir Bahram Khan. The attack came as retaliation to Raja Kharak Singh’s constant threats to the Mazari stronghold of Rojhan Mazari. Many lives were lost and the garrison along with the city was completely burnt down. All the prisoners taken by the Mazari tribesman were later skinned alive and burnt near the city. A few days later the Sikhs under the command of Raja Kharak Singh retaliated and attacked the Mazari Stronghold of Rojhan and managed to burn it down but the Sikh army was quickly engaged by the forces of Sardar Mir Bahram Khan and driven back towards Mithankot. Despite, suffering a major loss in terms of property, only a handful of Mazaris lost their lives as the news of the attack had reached the court of the Mazari Sardar a few days earlier thereby eliminating the element of surprise. These events led to regular skirmishes between the Mazari and the Sikh forces resulting in loss of life on both sides. Then finally in early 1838, a deal was brokered between Sardar Mir Bahram Khan Baloch and Maharaja Ranjeet Singh which led to an armistice that was signed by the Chief’s younger brother Sardar Karam Khan and Diwan Sawan Mal, the Maharaja’s Governor of Multan. Later that year Sardar Mir Bahram Khan along with twelve thousand Mazari Tribesman, court officials and notables visited Lahore on the invitation of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh. The Mazari’s were well received by the Maharaja at the Lahore Fort and given a royal welcome. The Maharaja had the Mughal era Naulakha Pavilion(saman Burj) inside the Lahore Fort specially renovated for the month long stay of Sardar Mir Bahram Khan Mazari. This meeting between the two leaders officially brought an end to the long war between the Sikh Maharaja and the Mazari Baloch Sardar that started with the attack at Mitankot.

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Mazari tribe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:28am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Baloch Vs Mahmud Ghaznavid

**the baloch were engaged in varous encounters with ghaznavid rulers who ruled a vast region of iran and Afghanistan from last decade of tenth century until the end of ten century

the relation between ghaznavid and baloch has never been peaceful Turan Makran came under the ghanznavid rule founder sebuktegin suzerainty as early as AD 976-977 the baloch troops fought against sebuktegin when he attacked khuzdar
in 994 AD the baloch were in the army of saffarids amir khalaf and fought against mahmud ghaznavi when the ghaznavi forces invaded sistan in 1013 AD many of other occasion were mentioned by other historians of the ghaznavid era in which the baloch came into confrontation with the ghaznavi forces masud son of mahmud attacked kerman and occupied it for a perion of two years in AD 1034 and 1035 the baloch resisted the occupation of kerman by ghaznavid as an ally of local ruler on the pretext that baloch have robbed mahmud 's ambassador in the desert north of kerman between tabas and khabis according to nizam ul mulk a party of baloch marauders betweem tabas and khabis caught the ambassador of sultan and his party was looted to the last man, the ambassador came back met the sultan who was on his way to khwarezm(choresmia) while staying at bust the sultan sent his son Masud with a strong contingent to punish the baloch
the baloch fought fearlessly and defeated ghaznavids in the first encounter but were defeated by the ghaznavid forces in the next 2 encounters many were killed and captured and their settlements were looted and masud returned back with immense booty

during the reign of Masud several expeditions were sent to deal with the issue of ever hostile baloch while finding it hard to subjugate the baloch in classical ways of fighting the ghaznavi ruler resorted to poisoning of the baloch,
A caravan of poisoned apples on camels back were purposely sent through kerman desert the court historians of ghaznavid rulers including nizam al mulk, proudly stated the baloch attacked the caravan and devoured the apples as hungry wolves the poison acted as an epidemic and exterminated a great number of them made it easier for the ghaznavid to invade Baluchistan **

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http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC&pg=PR12&lpg=PR12&dq=baloch+origin+baloch+balochistan+by+naseer+dashti&source=bl&ots=VcqYEsNrTW&sig=omdjzXZahKuaodxE0NVIDurHmh4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v54RVKfDMdDqaMGFgegO&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=baloch%20origin%20baloch%20balochistan%20by%20naseer%20dashti&f=false

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:33am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Mir Hammal Khan Baloch Vs The Portuguese Army
**Story of the most handsome and brave prince of Makran Mir Hammal Khan Hooth Baloch Vs the Portuguese Army in Gwadar Balochistan

in the 15th century, the Portuguese captured many parts of India and Oman, and they planned to proceed with annexation to coastal area of Makran. The Portuguese attacked Makran under the leadership of Vasco de Gama, but under the supervision of Commander Mir Ismaheel Baloch , the Portuguese were defeated by the Baloch. A few times the Portuguese looted and set the coastal villages on fire, but they failed to capture the coastal area of Makran. Cannons of the Portuguese army were found lying near the Central Jail of Gwadar, heirless. The grave of Mir Ismaheel Baloch is situated near the Mountain of Batal Gwadar, constructed by Mir Ismaheel Baloch himself during life. He died in 873 Hijri.

After Mir Ismaheel’s regime, his nephew Mir Hammal Khan Baloch , son of Mir Jihand Khan Baloch, became the ruler of Makran. In the regime of Mir Hammal Khan, the Portuguese repelled a number of attacks under the command of Lowess Dee Almia, but they were defeated on each attempt. After many such defeats, Lowess Dee Almia made a pact with Mir Hammal Khan Baloch, and one of the clauses of the pact was that “Lowess Dee Almia” will not attack the Makran coastal area. However, the Portuguese broke the pact and attacked Mir Hammal Khan when he was with some friends at sea. After the attack, the Portuguese kidnapped Mir Hammal Khan and took him to an unidentified place. The “Statue” of Mir Hammal Khan Baloch is lying in an island museum Goha in India, which was constructed by the Portuguese. Mr. R. Huges Buller has written in his book Makran Kalmatis that the fort and a well are still situated near to Gwadar, called Gazdan. The snatched weapons from the Portuguese have also been seen in 1904 in the Pasni Port Balochistan at the end Portuguese were defeated and kicked out by Baloch .**

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Refernce Book:- Makran Kalmaties by Mr. R. Huges Buller

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:35am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Qadir Bukhsh Rind Baloch alias Kadu Makrani
Qadir Bukhsh Rind Baloch alias Kadu Makrani was a 19th-century archetypal figure who was born and brought up in Makran, Balochistan. He rose as an insurgent in Kathiawar, Gujarat, martyred and buried in Karachi, Sindh in 1887. His final resting place in Mewah Shah Graveyard (Lyari) which has become the center of inspiration today. He is also remembered as the eastern Robin Hood.

**History

When life became hard for the working classes in Makran, Balochistan due to British colonists, Kadu Makrani, with his tribe, migrated to Kathiawar, Gujarat in mid of 19th century. Due to their courage and bravery, Nawabs of Kathiawar acquired their services to eliminate dacoits of Kathiawar. Kadu Makrani and people of his tribe earned territories and properties as rewards of their services. The rise of Kadu Makrani was disturbing to British imperialists. They were looking for an excuse to disarm Kadu Makrani and his tribe to break their power. With little effort an excuse was avail when Kadu Makrani rejected social workers to enter their houses in the name of registration and census. When he was given a choice to either give away his weapons or be ready for a fight. He, with his tribe, chose to be insurgents instead of laying down their weapons. British imperialists were not surprised by Kadu’s decision as it was a typical move by a Baloch warrior. When British forces moved to Baloch villages in Kathiawar with heavy weapons, Kadu Makrani with his small army resisted very courageously. Lots of people died from both sides. This followed by series of guerilla attacks on British forces and their local friends by Kadu Makrani. This distressed British forces as they failed to counter Kadu Makrani and his little army. Although British government announced Rs1,000/- and 20-acre (81,000 m[SUP]2[/SUP]) land reward for his head.
In late 1887 Kadu Makrani’s companions suggested him to go back to Makran for a while to ease British pressure in Kathiawar, a common practice in guerilla-warfare. From Kathiawar he moved to Ahmedabad and from there he came to Karachi, Sindh by train. In Lyari town of Karachi he set a deal with a Camel-Man (a man with Camels) to transport him to Makran. Camel-Man recognized Kadu Makrani and became greedy to get rewards on his head. Camel-Man asked Kadu to meet him behind Baghdadi police station. Camel-Man with a policeman tried to capture Kadu Makrani when he arrived behind Baghdadi police station. Kadu killed both of them with his dagger and tried to escape from there. While he was running in narrow streets of Baghdadi, a laborer dropped a heavy stone on his head to stop him without knowing who he is. Kadu was captured unconscious and after a short trial he was sentenced to death. Kadu Makrani was martyred in Karachi central jail in 1887. His body was received by Waja Dura Khan and at his burial; he was washed by Mulla Ghulam in Dura Line Kalacot, Lyari Town. This brave son of Baloch was buried in Mewah Shah Graveyard (Lyari) with honor.

Paolo Santoni-Rugiu and Philip J. Sykes in their book called “A History of Plastic Surgery[2]” wrote: “Perhaps the largest series of nasal reconstructions carried out by a single surgeon in the nineteenth century was that of Tribowandas, who operated on over three hundred patients during his career. Born in 1850 to a poor family in Junagadadh, he completed his medical studies in Bombay and then returned home to begin his practice. He was perhaps aided in his career by the presence in the region of a famous bandit, Kadu Makrani, whose principal activity was cutting off noses on commission.”[SUP][1][/SUP]

It is true that he used to chop off noses of local informers of British forces instead of taking away their lives, but he was not a bandit. This is not the first time when names like bandit, dacoit, and terrorist are given to a freedom fighter by imperialist mentality. Imperialist writers and their Indian friends tried their best to present Kadu Makrani as a very cruel dacoit but people of Gujarat with their folk songs and poems conveyed the true history to new generation to preserve it.
Even today lots of people come to his final resting place to remember him and his fight against imperialism and pay him tribute.

Descendant of Qadir Bukhsh Rind Baloch alias Kadu Makrani are still residing in Junagadh, Veraval, Jamnagar (Gujarat) and Lyari (Karachi). Other than the relatives of Kadu many other Baloch from Makran are also settled in Kathiawar.

In popular culture

In 1960, Sadhana Chitra Film Company (India) made a Gujarati film called “Kadu Makrani” to pay tribute to this national hero. The film was directed by Manhar Rangildas Raskapur. [SUP][2][/SUP] There are lots of Gujarati folk songs and poems which talk about honor, courage, bravery and humanity of Kadu Makrani. In 1966 A Pakistani film maker Habib ur Rehman also paid tributes to the valiant Qadir Bukhsh when he produced an Urdu film “JAAG UTHA INSAN” based on the life of Qadir Bukhsh, the film was directed by Sheikh Hasan and the lead role was played by Mohammad Ali and other co-stars were Zeba and Waheed Murad. **

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Kadu Makrani - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:38am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Talpur Baloch Dynasty of Sindh (1783-1843)
**

Talpur (Balochi: بلوچ ) is a Sindhi Speaking Baloch tribe of Hooth Baloch Branch settled in Sindh Punjab and Balochistan. They are descendants of Mir Tala Khan Baloch They were invited by Kalhora to help them organize unruly Baloch tribes living in Sindh during the time of Nader Shah. Talpurs, who spoke the Sindhi language, settled in northern Sindh.Very soon their descendants and allies formed a confederacy against the Kalhora Dynasty.The Talpurs soon gained power and overthrew the Kalhora after the Battle of Halani.Peace between the two warring tribes was soon established after the Mughal Emperor Akbar Shah II issued a Firman in the year 1783, which designated Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur as the new Nawab of Sindh. This brought an end to the ferocious fighting and the defeat of the ruling Kalhora by the Talpur tribes.[32] Talpur dynasty ruled Sindh, in present-day Pakistan, from 1783 to 1843. They were then overthrown by the British East India Company led by General Charles James Napier.

Qizilbash

With the defeat of the Kalhora forces by the Talpurs in the Battle of Halani in 1783 under the command of Mir Fateh Ali Khan, Sindh came under the sway of Talpurs. Abdul Nabi Kalhoro, did not sit idle but went to the Court of Kabul to secure the support of Taimur Shah who was most interested in procuring a tribute from Sindh. He ordered that Sindh be divided into two parts: one ruled by Mir Fateh Ali Talpur and the other by Abdul Nabi Kalhoro. He sent a huge force to implement this scheme of power sharing; but the Baluch, under Mir Fateh Ali, came out to resist the dismemberment at all costs and assembled at Rohri. When the forces of Kabul’s Shah heard of the Mir’s determination, he decided to back off. The Shah then accepted Mir Fateh Ali Khan as the ruler of Sindh. The Kabul rulers had felt the blades of Baluch swords and were not anxious to feel them again. Abdul Nabi continued his subversive activities until his death in the Derajat. Mir Fateh Ali, in spite of the heavy odds, was able to consolidate Talpur rule in Sindh. Talpur rule in Sindh was unique, because Mir Fateh Ali Khan and his three brothers ruled at Hyderabad. This was known as “The Chauyari,” the rule of four friends. Fateh Ali was the Principal Amir and held the most important position. The other brothers also had responsibilities:

Mir Thara Khan ruled at Mirpur Khas and Mir Sohrab ruled at Khairpur. The critics consider this a contentious issue and malign the Talpurs. They fail to see that this was better than putting the pretenders to the sword and starting costly internecine wars. Abdul Majeed Jokhia, an eminent historian of that period, says that Sindh was divided into seven districts: three were under Mir Fateh Ali and his brothers, (sons of Mir Sobdar), two were under Mir Sohrab, one under Mir Thara of Mirpur and one under Mir Mahmood (their uncle) and sons of Mir Abdullah. Talpurs, who pardoned even their most inveterate enemies, couldn’t be expected to wield swords against their brethren. In cases where they had to, they were ruled by reason and showed great restraint. It was Mir Fateh Ali who made Hyderabad the seat of rule.

The First Chauyari

Mir Fateh Ali Khan continued to rule until his death in 1801. The role of Principal Amir was passed on to his brother Mir Ghulam Ali Khan who followed his brother’s way of governance but unfortunately a dispute arose between Mir Ghulam and Mir Thara Khan of Mirpur. Matters came to a head when the former rallied his supporters to fight it out. This was a delicate situation and needed to be dealt with carefully as an internal war could lead to disintegration. Mir Ghulam Ali asked his uncle, Mir Mahmood Khan, to lead the forces against Mir Thara Khan. Mir Mahmood Khan was the only surviving son of Mir Bahram Khan. The Kalhoras had assassinated both of his elder brothers, Mir Bijar Khan and Mir Sobdar Khan. He had been very young at the time of the assassinations. Mirsahib led the forces and proved himself to be a brilliant military strategist. When he heard that Mir Thara Khan’s forces were entrenched near Wangi, he ordered his men to split into two sections, each attacking from a different side. This forced Mir Thara to come out into the open. In the fierce battle that followed 414 Baluchs were killed on both sides. Azeemudeen, Thatvi, and Abdul Majeed Jokhia have covered the subject in detail in their books. Mir Thara Khan was injured, but Mir Mahmood Khan made sure that he came to no further harm. He had him taken to his own tent and from there on to Hyderabad with all the respect due a relative and fellow ruler. Mir Sahib handled a potentially explosive situation with the wisdom that is required in such situations. Mir Thara Khan was nursed back to health and sent back to Mirpur to rule as he did before the battle. He could have been eliminated had that been the purpose. This event occurred in 1803.AD. Another reason he was not touched was that his, Mir Thara’s, sister was wife of Mir Ghulam Ali and both were close relatives. In fact, it was a conspiracy to sow seeds of disunity among Talpur Amirs of Hyderabad and Mirpurkhas.

Mir Ghulam Ali died in 1811AD. His rule too was as glorious as Mir Fateh Ali’s. They are both buried at Khudabad (the city was earlier founded by Khudabadi Sindhi Swarankar, on empty land, around 1351 A.D.) near Hala. Mir Karam Ali Khan now assumed the role of Principal Amir. The British were now eyeing Sindh for its wealth and strategic position and were making inroads with new agreements aimed at increasing their influence. It should be remembered that most of India by this time was solidly under British rule, and ‘The Great Game’ was in full play. They had signed treaties with Mir Ghulam Ali.

When Mir Murad Ali the youngest of all brothers fell gravely ill, Mir Karam Ali requested the Governor in Bombay to send an able doctor. Dr.James Burnes came and cured him of the disease. Dr Burnes book “A Visit to the Court of Sinde” tells a lot about the state of the Court in 1827. The book dispels a lot of misconceptions regarding the Talpurs and their rule. He talks about the splendor of their Court and the decorum that was maintained. He says that Mir Mahmood Khan was a very handsome and a well-dressed person. Mir Karam Ali Khan was a poet of some repute and his ‘Diwan e Karam’ is accepted (even by Iranians!) as being of high quality. He died in 1828 AD. Mir Murad Ali was the last ruler of the first “Chauyari.” He ruled with the advice of his sons and nephews. In 1832, a new agreement was signed with the British. They were slowly gaining a foothold. Mir Sahib, also a poet, ruled judiciously until his death in 1833 ended the first Chauyari.

Second Chauyari

The mantle now passed on to his eldest son Mir Noor Mohammad Khan who, following the path of his illustrious uncles and father, continued with the Chauyari form of rule, including his brother Mir Mohammad Naseer and cousins Mir Sobdar Khan and Mir Muhammad Khan in the ruling Council. Mir Noor Mohammad continued to rule judiciously. The British were slowly and gradually gaining influence by fanning discontent within the ranks of the Talpurs and were coming up with a succession of new treaties which were to their advantage alone. There have been attempts by various historians to present the Talpur era as one riddled with differences and consequent incompetence and malfeasance. Nothing could be further from the truth. While there were differences within the ranks they weren’t allowed to fester. Attempts were made to resolve and accommodate the just demands. This is apparent from the fact that no Talpur or other Baluch was put to the sword for dissent during the two Chauyaris. There is a website on which some sections of Talpurs and some personalities have been praised to the detriment of others. This is not the right attitude as it is neither accurate nor does it reflect the tolerance practiced by the persons mentioned. The purpose of this site not to gloss over the differences and the drawbacks that were present then but to present them in the proper historical perspective, to see events in light of the times in which they events occurred, not to judge history by today’s standards. The British, despite all assurances kept working for their own interests. In 1838 a new agreement was signed which was not at all in the interest of Sindh. Mir Noor Mohammad died in 1841. The rule now passed to Mir Mohammad Naseer Khan. In the same year Sir Charles Napier was sent to Sindh to achieve the ultimate goal of annexation of Sindh to the British Empire. Differences between the Talpurs began to crop up anew and the old grievances came to fore. There were differences between the sons of Mir Noor Mohammad. Mir Sobdar Khan in Hyderabad and Mir Ali Murad in Khairpur failed to realize that the English would eventually not be their friends either. The British presented new terms for a treaty and Mir Naseer Khan was an unwilling signatory as there were many unjust demands. The British wanted Karachi, Thatta and Bakhaar permanently. They wanted the Mint to be closed and no taxation for their traders. They wanted to replace Mir Rustam Khan Talpur with his brother Mir Ali Murad and kept making unjust demands on him. Eastwick says that at one point Mir Rustam was so fed up with their demands that he said he couldn’t accept them. After all, he was a Baluch. "A Glance at Sindh Before Napier " by Eastwick presents the true picture of those times. Napier forced Mir Rustam to go to Hyderabad. Mirsahib was old and ailing at that time. The Talpurs and other Baluchs were infuriated at this. To make the matters worse, Napier started his incursion towards Hyderabad to provoke the Baluchs. He confiscated Mir Rutam’s possessions on flimsy pretexts in December 1842. Napier continued his provocations by words and deeds. The Baluchs knew for certain that Napier would use the logic of the wolf that is bent upon devouring the sheep and not relent even if all his demands were met. They decided to meet force with force. On 5 February Major Outram’s post near Kotri was attacked but he embarked on the steamer and escaped. Napier had camped near Miani and the Baluchs assembled there to fight it out.

The Battle of Miani

On 17 February the opposing forces met. The Baluch surpassed all in valour and bravery. Mir Jan Mohammad Talpur charged into the English camp and attacked Major Outram who narrowly escaped his charge by jumping off his horse. Mir Jan Mohammad’s grave is in Miani. One Baluch, bayoneted by a British soldier and unable to reach the opponent with his sword, pushed the bayonet and the rifle through his own body and killed the opponent. The British say their casualties were 62 killed and 194 wounded. The casualties on the Baluch side are estimated to be six times higher. The Baluchs were defeated and had to retreat. Valor alone has never been and can never on its own be the determining factor in the outcome of any battle. Discipline and planning played a much more important role and on February !7th 1843, won the day for the British. Had the outcome of the Battle at Miani been different it would have changed the history of the sub-continent. It could have been different if only the Talpurs had realized that the British would never abide by the agreements they were making. The next day Mir Naseer Khan surrendered to Charles Napier. He and others were then arrested and sent in exile to Calcutta and other places in India. The houses were looted even the ladies were not spared. Finally, the English had gotten Sindh.

Battle of Dabbo

Mir Sher Mohammad Talpur of Mirpur tried to rally his forces. He fought against the English at Dabbo near Hyderabad on 24 March 1843 to liberate Sindh but his forces too were defeated and no change could be brought to the state of things.

The British had wormed their way into Sindh through deceit and intrigues but conquered it through force of arms and that was the only recourse for them in sustaining their illegal rule here. They sowed dissension among the people here and ensured their rule. They exiled all those who could have acted as a symbol for resistance. To clarify one point, some over- enthusiastic Talpurs regardless of their own contribution to the fight against the British, conveniently accuse the Mahmoodanis of not having fought. While, Mahmoodanis may not have fought the British due to the differences within the Talpur family at that time, at no stage did they collaborate with England or any enemy of Sindh. Moreover the descendants of Mir Mahmood quite made up for their battlefield absence by resisting British Imperialism tooth and nail, when it was even a crime to utter a word against them, while their accusers enjoyed English patronage. It is no less than a miracle that the Talpurs have been able to preserve the books and artifacts that they still have in their possession. Mir Naseer Khan died in exile as did some others. His son and that of Mir Noor Mohammad among others later returned to Sindh. The English always felt threatened by the Talpurs. They did restore the possessions of the Talpurs but under strict conditions. Contrary to common belief the Talpurs were never given Jagirs (estates)by England. The only concession was that their original holdings were restored to them as is apparent from the Sanads still in possession of Talpur family. These lands were not taken away from anyone by the Talpurs but these were virgin lands which they had brought under cultivation by having new canals and waterways dug.
Talpur Family in Post British Rule Period

With the loss of rule to the British, the Talpur family’s situation changed overnight. The former rulers were now the persecuted. Charles Napier went about his job with vindictiveness and spite. He incarcerated all the male members of the ruling family, leaving the ladies to fend for themselves. The households were looted and stripped of valuables. The arrested Mirs were sent to Calcutta and other places in India where many of them died, including Mir Sobdar, Mir Fateh Ali Khan and Mir Mohamad Naseer the last ruler of Sindh. This was a period of trials and tribulations for the entire Talpur Family. They passed it with fortitude and dignity, which added to their stature immensely. The basic reason for their survival was that their roots within the people of Sindh, whom they had served well. The influence of this family survived in spite of efforts of British to undermine it. Though it was no longer possible for the family to have a collective influence as it had enjoyed previously, different sections of the family retained influence in their respective regions. Their social influence over the people did not recede and they continued to play a very important role in keeping the people united. They still symbolised all the better things the people expected. This forced the English to restore the Jagirs (Estates) to the families they had belonged to in the first place. Even in their decline, The Talpurs continued their patronage of arts and literature as before.

Adversity did not diminish the family’s brilliance and strength of character. Those who were incarcerated lived a very hard life in conditions they were not used to. They bore these hardships with great dignity. Mir Mohammad Naseer Khan’s Son Mir Abbas Ali Khan married an English lady. Their son became one of the greatest poets of Sindh, Mir Abdul Hussain Khan Sangi, whose personal hand-written “Deewan” is still available with Talpur family. Mir Mohammad Hassan Ali was also a poet of stature. The works of these two poets are still included in the textbooks of educational institutions in Sindh. Mir Sobdar Khan, the son of Mir Fateh Ali Khan (the first ruler of Sindh) was also a poet. His works included “Judai Nama”, “Odes of Separation.” Pages from these can also be seen at one of the sites maintained by Talpur family. He died during exile in 1263 A.H. The Talpur family not only maintained its status but also extended its influence through involvement the in social and political affairs of the region. At no time did they abjectly accede to the demands of the British. This raised their stature in the eyes of the masses and was one of the reasons for their political ascendancy after loss of their rule.

The four main branches of Talpurs

The British considered four branches of the Talpur clan to be of major importance, the Shahwani, Sohrabani Khanani,and Mankani. The Shahdadani branch includes the Ruling Family, the Mahmoodanis, and the Bijaranis, all living in Hyderabad. The Khananis reside in and around Tando Jam, the Mankanis in the Mirpurkhas region, and The Shahwanis make their home in the district of Tando Mohammad Khan. They all were Jagirdars and the British regranted their estates. The Talpurs of Tando Bago and Tando Ghulam Ali were also Jagirdars. It should be noted that the ruling family were given grants and some agricultural land but not the Jagirs. The British probably hoped to limit their influence. The heads of the four major branches were formally invited to the Darbars and other special events held by The British Raj. It should be pointed out that the British had wilfully tried to deter the Talpur family from indulging in anti-colonial political movements by adding a clause in the re-grants of Jagirs in 1861 proscribing such involvement.

The Mankani Talpurs

Mir Thara Khan (Mir Tharo) founded his state in South East with capital at Keti Mir Tharo. Later the capital was shifted to Mirpurkhas, by his, Mir Ali Murad Khan, who founded this city in 1806A.D. Next ruler of the State of Mirpurkhas was Mir Thara’s younger son, Mir Ali Murad Khan. Mir Ali Murad Khan became the ruler with consent of his elder brother, Mir Ghulam Haider Khan. Mir Ali Murad was famous for his justice and fair-play. He was followed by Mir Sher Muhammad Khan, popularly known as “Sher-e-Sindh” (The Lion of Sindh). After the fall of Hyderabad at the hands of Charles Napier at the Battle of Miani, Mir Sher Muhammad tried to liberate Sindh and fought the battle of liberation at Dubbo. However, again, treachery and deception by Charles Napier’s forces succeeded in suppressing Talpur forces led by Mir Sher Muhammad Khan.
Sohrabani Talpurs

Mir Sohrab Khan had founded his state in the north of Sindh soon after the fall of kalhoras. Mir Rustum Khan was the next Amir of Sohrabani State. After the takeover of Hyderabad by forces of British East India Company, Mir Ali Murad Sohrabai was able to establish and continue as head of the princely state of Khairpur under tutelage of the forces of the British East India Company.

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Talpur - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
**

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:44am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Bugtis and Marri Baloch VS The British Empire
**The relations of Marri with the British commenced in 1840 CE with attacks made on the communications of Sir John Keane’s army, after it had passed through the Bolan Pass. In March 1840 CE, Sir John Keane had decided that there is a dire need to capture the Kahan and its fort from Marri tribesmen

Battles of Kahan

An attempt was made by British Forces to punish the Marri tribe, which ended in disastrous failure. Major Claiborne was repulsed in an attempt to storm the Naffusak Pass, losing 179 killed and 92 wounded out of 650. Many of his force died of heat and thirst. The fort of Kahan, which he was trying to relieve at the time, was forced to capitulate with the honors of war

Aftermath

The Anglo Marri war proved to be a disastrous campaign for the Anglo forces. Although they held remain occupant in the fort of Kahan through whole of time but in efforts to establish a proper safe passage to Kahan and continuous reinforcing the Kahan Regiment in a form of fresh food and blood, they had got the taste of failure. On the other side, Marri tribesmen had faced no such difficulties in their chain of supplies in the area. They were the native of the region and they were very well aware about the terrain of their hilly areas and they played as according to their planning.

After this war, in 1843 CE, Marri once again gone in uprising against the British forces and they gave much trouble. This time, the cause of clashes was the occupancy of Sindh by the forces of British Empire. Being a Baluch tribe, Marri feel worries about the fate of their neighboring state and their Baluch ruler. Richard Isaac Bruce wites about the Marris:

The Marris were considered absolutely incorrigible, and were   proclaimed out lawed and blockaded on all sides. A proclamation was   issued on the Sind Frontier offering a reward of ten rupees for the   capture of any Marri.

The landlocked country of Afghanistan was seen by the British as a strategically important

staging post with which to rebuff the ever expanding Russian machinations. The British

initiation of the First Anglo-Afghan War, in 1839, signalled their intent to proactively change

the political dynamic in the region by installing a puppet regime sympathetic to their

overtures.

During the march to Kandahar the British were repeatedly harassed and attacked by Baloch tribesmen including the Marris, Bugtis, Dombkis, Jakahanaris and others as they did not wish for the British to travel through their lands of Sind and Balochistan. Heavy casualties were inflicted on the British destabilising their efforts sparking a vicious reprisal attack by the Bombay column on the Baloch stronghold of Kalat on the 13th November 1839. Mehrab Khan II, the Khan of Kalat, was killed during fighting spreading outrage and increased anger right across Balochistan from Jhalawan to Sarawan. The Baloch declared open war against the British and soon came face to face with them on the battlefield in the Bugti Hills as the British moved to attack Dera Bugti and Kahan.

John Jacob, the founder of Jacobabad and famous British East India Company Brigadier-General, wrote in a letter to his father about his trepidation of the task ahead saying:

“We are out wandering about the country after plundering tribes of Baloch where never was European before. It is most harassing and disagreeable service we have taken and cut up a few of the scoundrels who are the most cruel blood thursty cowards imaginable, but the business will not be settled for a long time I fear, to make things worse, I have under taken to make a map of the country we pass through and have succeeded pretty well as yet, but it is no child’s play I assure you a little honest fighting, if I do not get shot, which is not improbable.

I will shortly send you a full account of our deeds of our arms, together with many erudite criticisims on the policy of our great men in the East.” (Sind File. Gen. 218)

The First Expedition of Major Billamore

Major Thomas Richard Billamore led the British advance into the hills north of Cutchee in late 1839 where the fighting was fierce and relentless. After a prolonged battle, no outright victory was forthcoming for either side and by all accounts a stalemate had been reached.

Major Billamore, cunningly, invited the Bugti Tumandar of the time, Bibarak Khan, to parle.

However, Khan was arrested and imprisoned at Bukhar Fort in Sind by the British and with the life of their leader in jeopardy the Bugtis were forced to rescind, resulting in the British taking control and occupying their stronghold of Dera Bugti.

Success for the British, however, was short lived as no sooner had Major Billamore left Dera Bugti than the Bugtis resumed their raids once again and continued to do so right up until the British left in 1947. Between 1840 and 1844 the Bugti raids became stronger and more ambitious as time passed. They raided Shikapur, from Larkana through to the Kachi Plains and even into the upper north frontier of Sind. Eventually the Bugti raiders numbered almost one thousand and they laid waste to the entire Sind frontier, often committing horrible atrocities. The repeated incursions and raids carried out by the Bugtis were destabilising for the British and control in the region and did not go unnoticed. When the Bugtis turned their attention to the rich area of Larkana and sacked the town of Kamber, the governor of Sind, General Charles Napier felt he was left with no option but take military action against the “wild” Bugtis.

The Second Expedition of General Charles Napier

“It may probably be most of advisable to combine measures of a permanent and preventive

character with some of the retributory description which have first occurred to your

Excellency. It was to be war to end war”. (General Charles Napier, 8th May 1844)

General Charles Napier began his Hill Campaign and marched on Dera Bugti on January the 16th 1845. He was joined by several Baloch chiefs, Wallee Mahamod Chanadio, Ahmed Khan Magssi, Mir Ali Murad Talpur and thousands of others who wished revenge for their

destroyed villages. The chief of the Marri tribe, Doda Khan, was also approached by the British and encouraged to help in the attack in return for gunpowder supplies. However, before Napier could reach Dera Bugti the Bugtis evacuated the entire settlement resulting in Dera Bugti being taken under British control without a single shot being fired in January 1845. After relocating to Kethan the Bugtis once again resumed their raids in Kachi, Sind and Punjab rendering the attempt to subdue them a resounding failure.

Left with no alternative, Napier declared the Bugtis as outlaws and offered a reward of 10 shillings for every Bugti captured dead or alive. The declaration had little effect, however, as the Bugtis proceeded to execute their biggest and most profitable raid in Sind. The raid in question lasted a total of three days and rendered them a booty of over 15,000 head of cattle, at the expense of just one Bugti life.

January 1847 and March 1947 saw a change of tact from the British in dealing with the Bugtti raiders. Instead of direct confrontation the British moved to starve them into submission by seizing their cattle and stopping the supply of grains from Sind. Furthermore, the British attempted to do the same from the Cutchee side driving the Bugtis to the verge of starvation, yet still they refused to surrender. Confrontation continued between both sides most notably at the Battle of the ZumaneeRiver in 1847. Charging the British, the Bugtis were cut down to a man with only two out of seven hundred Bugtis returning home. Many chieftains of note were slaughtered during the battle but still the Sardar Islam Khan Bugti offered no surrender. Skirmishes between the British and the Bugti raiders continued often resulting in fierce exchanges were quarter was repeatedly offered but never accepted by the Bugtis. General Charles Napier recalls one such exchange as such:

“Twenty-five brave robbers on foot, well armed with swords, shields and matchlocks, meet twenty of the Scinde Horse patrolling in the desert. The robbers gave a volly and charged. The Scinde Horse had one man killed and two wounded, four horses were killed and two wounded, of the enemy, every man fell, sword in hand. Quarter was repeatedly offered to these stern gladiators, but they refused and every robber bit the dust. Honour, be to their courage; more honour to their conquerors. Another laurel leaf has been added to the rich wreath of Jacob’s Horse…..”

By November 1847 a large portion of the Bugtis had settled near Larkana under the supervision of the Deputy Collector of the region. He was resolved to stop these Bugtis from ever returning to Dera Bugti as they were deemed a wrestless people who must be prevented from possessing horses and bearing arms lest they return to their former ways. Those who had remained behind in the Bugti Hills continued to raid under the leadership of Ghulam Murtaza Khan, son of Sardar Islam Khan, only adding further cause for the continuation of the internment that the Bugtis were placed under.

However, a turn of events was to take place in 1851 whereby the Khan of Kalat was able to negotiate, under his own personal guarantee, for some of the Bugtis to return, once again, to Dera Bugti. As one might expect, later that year Bugti raids resumed in force especially within the territory of Sind.

Sandeman and the Harrand Raid of 1867

After being appointed district officer of Dera Ghazi Khan by the British in 1866, Robert Groves Sandeman was faced with dealing with Ghulam Hussain Masori Bugti, a notorious raider responsible for numerous incursions across Katchi and Dera Ghazi. British troops travelling through the Bolan Pass were regularly attacked and harassed by his band of formidable outlaws. The surrounding tribal territory became known as “the country of rebellion” due to its refusal to be subdued. Sandeman immediately recognised that a different approach would have to be used in order to further British interests in the region saying:

‘The Bugtis and Marris are a people to themselves and to handle to them a very different understanding and technique from the normal Government dealing’.

In an effort to put an end to the raiding (which was hurting the Afghan War effort greatly), Sandeman initiated contact with Ghulam Bugti summoning him to Dera Ghazi Khan. When asked to cease and return his plunder, Ghulam Bugti refused and vowed to continue his raids unperturbed, directly challenging the British in the process.

As a result, Sandeman put all frontier outposts on alert and raised further defenders through help from the Gurchanis baloch, Tibbi-LundsHul-Ali-Mohammad baloch, Drigree, Thul Wair, Drishak baloch and the Mazari baloch to help repel the Bugti raids.

Just before dawn on the 26th of January 1867 Ghulam Hussain Masori Bugti led an assault on Hurrand Fort with a band of 1200 outlaws. The initial attack was repelled and fighting continued into the hills. Two hundred and fifty seven outlaws were killed (ninety-two Bugtis, seventy Marris and ninety-five Khetrans). Their leader Ghulam Hussain Masori Bugti was also killed fighting to the death, refusing to surrender. This was a great blow to the outlaws but once again further raids resumed shortly thereafter in the surrounding region.

Sandeman would go on to become a skilled negotiator and, through what was known as the Forward Policy, he was able to exploit rifts between tribal chiefs, the Khan of Kalat and various tribal chiefs to help further the British cause in the region (a form of “divide and rule” that the British had used to great effect throughout their vast empire). Often referred to as the “Peaceful Conqueror of Balochistan”, Sandeman was, however, moved to use force and crippling financial penalties to crush uprisings on occasion as he never had the luxury of subduing the whole of the Baloch nation.

Conclusion

The fact remains that the expeditions of Major Billmamore and General Charles Napier, in conjunction with the Forward Policy of Sandeman, all failed to subdue the Bugtis and Marri whether through use of force and arms or the application of divide and rule diplomacy. History stands as a witness that the Bugtis and Marri have never been beaten into submission, rather they are renowned for their bravery and stubbornness, even in the face of insurmountable odds. Time and numerous rulers have done little, if anything, to change this fact and one doubts if this will ever be the case.**

**Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, Tumandar of the Bugti tribe, died like so many of his forefathers, fighting a seemingly impossible battle, but if history has taught us anything it is that the Bugtis do not bow down to any outside authority and will gladly lay down their own lives for the greater cause of the Baloch Nawab Bugti Sahib honoured the courage, bravery and resoluteness of all Bugtis preferring death than to surrender to a dictator General Parvez Musharraf.

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**

**Sardar Ghulam Murtaza (centre) great grandfather of Nawab Akber Bugti, Sardar Shahbaz (left) grandfather of Nawab Akber Bugti, Khan Bahadur Bira Khan (right) son of Sardar Ghulam Murtaza & brother of Sardar Shabaz

http://oi58.tinypic.com/imv1bd.jpg

Sher Mohammad Marri with Marri Tribesmen**

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:46am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Love Story of Hani and Sheh Mureed Baloch
Love Story of Hani and Sheh Mureed Baloch
Hani and Sheh Mureed or Murid (Balochi Hanee-o-Shay Mureed or Hero Šey Murīd) is a beloved epic ballad of Balochi folklore. This tale is to Balochistan what Romeo and Juliet is to English-speaking lands. The story mirrors the life of the Baloch heroes and their emotions and philosophical ideas (God, evil, predestination). The hero of the story Sheh Mureed (or Shaih Moreed) and the heroine Hani are symbols of pure and tragic love.The story dates back to the 15th century, which is considered to be the heroic age of Balochistan and the classical period of Balochi literature.
**Characters
**
**Sheh Murid

Sheh Murid was the son of Sheh Mubarak, the chief of the Kahiri tribe. At that time when a man was known for his arts, Murid was famous as having mastered the art of swordmanship, horsemanship, and archery. For his skills and braveness he was ranked the highest in the army of Mir Chakar Khan Rind, the chief of the Kahiri army. Murid’s bow made of steel was so heavy that he was known as the “Lord of the Iron Bow”, because none but he alone could draw and shoot arrows from it.
Hani

Hani was the daughter of the Rind noble Mir Mandow Rind it is clear from epic poems she is further mentioned as Dinar, some say she was Murid’s cousin. Hani was a paragon of loyalty and devotion. Everyone knew her for her good character and chastity. Hani was engaged to Sheh Murid and had been a childhood friend of Murid.
Story

One day when Mir Chakar and Sheh Murid were returning from a day of hunting, they stopped at the town where their fiancées lived. Since a Muslim Balochistani Baloch woman traditionally never appears before her betrothed before the wedding, Mir Chakar and Sheh Murid decide to visit each other’s fiancées. Sheh Murid went to Mir Chakar’s fiancée, who brought him clean water in a silver bowl. Murid, dying of thirst, drank the entire bowl in a single gulp and became sick. However, when Mir Chakar went to Hani, Sheh Murid’s fiancée, she brought him clean water in a silver bowl in which she has placed dwarf palm leaf, properly washed. The chief was surprised by the pieces of straw, but he drank the water with care in order to avoid swallowing the straw. When he departed he found Murid vomiting and sick. Murid told him that the water had made him ill because he drank a lot of water on an empty stomach. Now Mir Chakar realized that Hani had acted wisely by putting pieces of straw in the water.

Some time later, Mir Chakar organized a gathering where poets put forward poetry of heroes. At the height of the revelry Mir Chakar asked the nobles to make vows on which they must pledge their lives. Every chief at the gathering made a vow. Mir Jado swore that he would chop off the head of anyone who touched his beard at the assembly of nobles. Then Bibarg vowed that he would kill anyone who kills Hadeh. He was followed by Mir Haibitan who vowed that if anybody’s camel joined his camel-herd he would never give it back. At last came the turn of Sheh Murid, who, madly in love with Hani, pledged that if anyone asked for anything in his possession on his wedding day, he would give it. Later on, Mir Chakar vowed that he would never tell a lie for the rest of his life. He was true to his word: He never in his lifetime after that was found to have lied. Mir Chakar tested Mir Jado’s word by asking his young son to touch his father’s beard during an assembly of nobles. The young boy innocently did as he was told, Mir Jado turned his face and moved the boy hoping no one noticed. However Mir Chakar encouraged the boy to repeat the action. the boy grabbed his father’s beard once more. The entire assembly became silent and looked towards Mir Jado. Will he be true to his word? Full of wrath, Jado unsheathes his sword and smites the head of his innocent son in the presence of all the Rind nobles. Mir Chakar also tested Bibarg and Haibitan, finding them true to their word. Now it was time to test Sheh Murid. Murid hosted a festive gathering on his wedding and invited renowned poets to entertain the audience. And at the close of the festivities, Sheh Murid, was ready to depart with his possessions. Mir Chakar asked for Hani. Sheh Murid was shocked; he thought that he would have asked for his bow, which was a unique bow and he was a very good marksmen with a strong bow. He was known as The Lord Of The Iron Bow. With a heavy heart and much sadness he told Mir Chakar to take Hani. The unexpected demand distressed him greatly, and Murid realized that he had lost Hani. If he did not keep his vow he would be mocked and future generations would have contempt for his name. Soon after the annulment of Murid’s engagement with Hani, she was soon married to Mir Chakar. But Murid was so shaken by this turn of events that he abandoned his former life and passed the days and nights in worship of Allah. He also composed poems eulogizing Hani’s beauty and openly expressing his passionate love for her. The scandalous news of Murid’s love for Mir Chakar’s wife became the talk of every household in Balochistan. His father Sheh Mubarak tried to advise him, he composed a poem in Baluchi of the advice that his father gave him and the response to the advice. The poem in Baluchi is as follows:

    Baluchi

mani shehey mubarak gwashee
bellow mureed gumraheeya,
gumraheeya be raheya
pa chaakare mahay janna.
pa dosti dosta e nahay
jaan ahay pashentagay,
hani sha kour-ka geptagay
zay chond-dilla cho beetagay.
man jawab tarentaga,
peeray pitto cho gwashtaga,
wati meeray pito cho gwashtaga,
shai abaee shai kabaee,
agay takay bibiten hat-tali
pahoukana hancho dost mani,
shalwaray bonday darr kutain
janay darre pakko kutain,
lenchan wati jattay,
hanga mano gah-bo-waton gah-be-waton

    

    English

My Shai mubarak says,
O Mureed leave your aloofness,
Aloofness without purpose direction(purpose),
For chakars beautiful wife,
In the assemblies you are not amongst your friends,
You are like a walking corpse,
Hani's love has blinded you,
How will you carry on in this way,
I replied,
I advised my elderly father,
I advised my respected father,
O most honoured father,
O most esteemed,
If you were in my place likewise,
You would have left all your friends,
And stopped going to assemblies and noble gatherings,
You would have lost your mind,
And not be aware of how you dressed,
You would have clapped your hands,
On your lap and be,
In your own world,
At least i am sometimes with it
And sometimes not with it.

Departure and return

Sheh Murid then decided to leave the country and visit unknown lands across the seas. He followed a group of mendicants going to perform their pilgrimage at the holy cities of Mecca and Medina in Arabia. As tradition has it, Sheh Murid remained in Arabia for 30 years a long time during which time he truly became a mendicant and lived the life of an ascetic.

After spending years away, he returned to Sibi in shabby clothes with his hair hanging down to his waist. In the company of a band of beggars he passed himself off as an anonymous mendicant begging for alms at the palace of Mir Chakar Khan Rind. The maidservant gave bowls filled with grain to each mendicant, but when she presented this food to Murid, she saw that Murid’s eyes were fixed upon Hani. Hani recognised him at once but held herself back as to not arise suspicions, but Chakar saw a sparkle in her eyes.
Recognition of Sheh Murid

As a favorite pastime of the Chakarian age, the Rind nobles gathered for an archery competition. During the contest, the nobles noticed the curiosity and interest of Murid, the leader of beggars. At first the Rind nobles treated him with a certain amount of disdain on account of his shabby appearance, laughing at him and asking how a mendicant clad in tattered clothes could bend a bow and hit a target. They gave him a bow and arrow. He bent the bow but it could not bear the power of his arms and broke into pieces. They gave him another one, which he also broke. After he broke the third bow the Rind nobles grow a bit suspicious that he might be Sheh Murid. They sent someone to fetch Murid Khan’s bow, which was made out of steel and was called jug (yoke) because of its form and weight. The epic tells us that this famous weapon had been tossed in a pen for sheep and goats after the “master of the iron bow” had departed and it had no owner to care for it. Because of its weight and toughness, it was useless in the hands of anyone else. When it was turned over to him, Sheh Murid caressed and kissed it, gently touching the strings as if they belonged to a sacred instrument; he scrutinized every inch. Then, as a master archer, he rolled up his beggar’s mantle, bent the bow with great skill, and shot three arrows from it, passing one through the hole left by the previous one. The Rind’s suspicion that this beggar was in fact Sheh Murid was confirmed after the trial of the bow. The Rind nobles stopped Murid and a servant was sent to ask Hani for Murid’s distinguishing signs and marks, which she would know because they had played together as children. Hani told of a sign on the upper left thigh, which her bracelet had made, and another one behind the eyebrow. When the Rinds checked the signs, they at last recognized Sheh Murid.
Union and departure to unknown world

Although Mir Chakar married Hani, he was unable to consummate the marriage. Whenever he approached Hani, he would freeze as if paralyzed. For years he carried on this way and realised that Hani can never truly be his. When he found out that Sheh Murid had returned, he yold Hani that Sheh Murid was a great man and deserved her, so he divorced her and told her she was free to go to Sheh Murid.

Hani, who had not forgotten her first and only love, decided to go to him, she told him that Mir Chakar had realised his mistake and has now freed her so that they (i.e. Sheh Murid and Hani) could be together. But Sheh Murid told her that he had now reached a different level and cannot step down from that level to take her she was a means by which he had reached closer to Allah. He took leave of her. On the following day Murid visited his father’s camel herd, chose a white she-camel, mounted her, and disappeared from mortal eyes. He has become the immortal saint of the Baloch, and the common belief among the Baloch is that: ta jahan ast, Sheh Murid ast (Until the living world, Sheh Murid remains immortal.)

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**

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:48am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Ruler of Makran Mir Malik Dinnar Gichki Baloch vs The Army of Nadir Shah Afshar

**In 1739, Admiral Taqi Khan, commander of Nader Shah Afshar’s naval forces, invaded Gwadar balochistan on his way to Sindh. In search of provisions for his starving forces, he ventured into Kech balochistan under the orders of Nadir Shah where the Baloch forces, under the leadership of the ruler of Makran Mir Malik Dinar Gichki Baloch, heavily defeated the Persians, they were forced to withdraw from Gwadar and Taqi Khan had to pull back to Bandar ʿAbbās iran Reference book (Lockhart, 1938).

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Nadir Shah Afshar
**

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:51am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Love Story of Sassi and Punno Baloch
**Punnhun :-

Mir Punnhun Khan (Mir Dostein Hoth) is the son of Mir Aali, son of King Mir Hoth Khan, ancestor of the Hoths, a famous Baloch tribe in Balochistan. King Hoth was son of Mir Jalal Khan, ruler of today’s Balochistan region in the 12th Century, and father of Rind, Lashari, Hoth, Korai and Jatoi.

Sassui was the daughter of the Raja of Bhambore in Sindh . Upon Sassui’s birth, astrologers predicted that she was a curse for the royal family’s prestige. The Raja ordered that the child be put in a wooden box and thrown in the Sindhu. A washerman of the Bhambore village found the wooden box and the child inside. The washerman believed the child was a blessing from God and took her home. As he had no child of his own, he decided to adopt her.

Sassui :-

When Sassui became a young girl, she was as beautiful as the fairies of heaven. Stories of her beauty reached Punhun and he became desperate to meet Sassi. The handsome young Prince therefore travelled to Bhambore. He sent his clothes to Sassi’s father (a washerman) so that he could catch a glimpse of Sassi. When he visited the washerman’s house, they fell in love at first sight. Sassui’s father was dispirited, hoping that Sassi would marry a washerman and no one else. He asked Punnhun to prove that he was worthy of Sassui by passing the test as a washerman. Punnhun agreed to prove his love. While washing, he tore all the clothes as, being a prince, he had never washed any clothes; he thus failed the agreement. But before he returned those clothes, he hid gold coins in the pockets of all the clothes, hoping this would keep the villagers quiet. The trick worked, and Sassui’s father agreed to the marriage.

Punnhun’s brothers

Punnhun’s father and brothers were against his marriage to Sassui (Punnhun being a prince and she being a washerman’s daughter) and so, for their father’s sake, Punnhun’s brothers traveled to Bhambore. First they threatened Punnhun but when he didn’t relent, they tried more devious methods. Punnhun was surprised to see his brothers supporting his marriage and on the first night, they pretended to enjoy and participate in the marriage celebrations and forced Punnhun to drink different types of wines. When he was intoxicated they carried him on a camel’s back and returned to their hometown of Kech.

The lovers meet their end

The next morning, when Sassui got up, she realized that she was cheated. She became mad with the grief of separation from her lover and ran barefoot towards the town of Kech Makran. To reach it, she had to cross miles of desert. Alone, she continued her journey until her feet were blistered and her lips were parched from crying “Punnhun, Punnhun!”. The journey was full of dangerous hazards. Punnhun’s name was on Sassui’s lips throughout the journey. She was thirsty, there she saw a shepherd coming out of a hut. He gave her some water to drink. Seeing her incredible beauty, he tried to force himself on Sassui. Sassui ran away and prayed to God to hide her and when God listened to her prayers, land shook and split and Sassui found herself buried in the valley of mountains. When Punhun woke in Makran he could not stop himself from running back to Bhambore. On the way he called out “Sassui, Sassui!” to which the shepherd told Punnhun the whole story. Then Punnhun also lamented the same prayer, the land shook and split again and he was also buried in the same mountain valley as Sassui. The legendary grave still exists in this valley. Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai sings this historic tale in his sufi poetry as an example of eternal love and union with Divine.

Kech Makran

The Kech Makran is located along the Makran Coastal Highway in Baluchistan, Pakistan. The fort of Punnhun whose construction dates back to 6000-8000 BC is located there.

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FOR OF MIR PUNNO KHAN BALOCH

Sassi Punno - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
**

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 9:54am

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Mir Muhabbat Khan Ahmedzai Baloch ( 1730–1749)

Khan of Kalat Mir Muhabbat Khan Baloch was the ruler of Balochistan during the eighteenth century.He was a Very Brave and Strict Person but only have support of some Baloch sardars cause of his Alliance with Nadir Shah. **Mir Muhabbat Khan Ahmedzai Baloch provided fighting contingent to the Persian King Nadir Shah Afshar on many occasions during the reign of Mir Muhabbat Khan Baloch as the Khan,the Baloch forces accompanied the army of Nadir Shah Afshar on his campaigns in **Afghanistan,Sindh,Punjab,and Delhi and Mir Muhabbat Khan also Killed the Ghilzai ruler of Afghanistan Ashraf Hotaki in 1730.

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http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC&pg=PR12&lpg=PR12&dq=baloch+origin+baloch+balochistan+by+naseer+dashti&source=bl&ots=VcqYEsNrTW&sig=omdjzXZahKuaodxE0NVIDurHmh4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v54RVKfDMdDqaMGFgegO&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=baloch%20origin%20baloch%20balochistan%20by%20naseer%20dashti&f=false

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 1:11pm

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

Names and era of the Rulers of Balochistan from 1400 to 1947

1400 to 1440: Mir ( Prince) Miro Mirwani Baloch, Laid the foundation of Baluch statehood.
**1440 to 1460: Mir Qamber Mirwani Baloch, brother of Amir Miro. **
1460 to 1485: Mir Omar Mirwani Baloch ( Son of Amir Miro).
1485 to 1512: The Rind Era of Mir Shaihak Rind Baloch (Took over from the Mirwanis).
1512 to 1530: Mir Bijar Mirwani Baloch (Took over from Rinds and regained the Baloch Throne).
1530 to 1538: Mir Zagar Mirwani Baloch.
1538 to 1547: Mir Ibrahim (brahim) Mirwani Baloch.
1547 to 1549: Mir Guharam Qambrani Baloch.
1549 to 1569: Mir Hassan Qambrani Baloch.
1569 to 1581: Mir Sanjar Qambrani Baloch.
1581 to 1590: Mir Malook Qambrani Baloch.
1590 to 1601: Mir Qamber (Sani) Qambrani Baloch.
1601 t0 1610: Mir Ahmed (First) Qambrani Baloch.
1610 to 1618: Mir Suree Qambrani Baloch.
1618 to 1629: Mir Kaiser Qambrani Baloch.
1629 to 1637: Mir Ahmed Sanee (second) Qambrani Baloch.
1637 to 1647: Mir Iltaz (first) Qamberani Baloch.
1647 to 1656: Mir Kachee Qamberani Baloch.
1656 to 1666: Mir Iltaz (second) Qamberani Baloch.
1666 to 1695: Mir Ahmed Salis (Kabeer) Qambrani Baloch (whose descendants are called the Ahmedzais).
1695 to 1697: Mir Mehrab Khan (First) Ahmedzai Baloch.
1697 to 1714: Mir Sakhi Samandar Khan Ahmedzai Baloch: Khan-e-Baloch-III. **
1714 to 1716: Mir Ahmed Ahmedzai Baloch IV (known as Ahmed Parsaa).
1716 to 1731: Mir Abdullah Khan Ahmedzai Baloch: Khan-e-Baloch-IV (known as the Eagle of the Mountain and The conqueror
1731 to 1749: Mir Mohabbat Khan Ahmedzai Baloch : Khan-e-Baloch-V.
1749 to 1794: Mir Naseer Khan (first ) Ahmedzai Baluch: Khan-e-Baloch-VI (known as Noori Naseer Khan the Great)
1794 to 1817: Mir Mamood Khan-I Ahmedzai Baloch: Khan-e-Baloch-VII.
** 1817 to 1839: Mir Mehrab Khan Sanee Ahmedzai Baloch-II (Shaheed) : Khan-e-Baluch-VIII.
1839 to 1841: Mir Shanawaz Ahmedzai Baloch.
1841 to 1857: Mir Nasir Khan-II Ahmedzai Baluch Khan-e-Baluch.
**1857 to 1893: Mir Khudadad Khan Ahmedzai Baloch: Khan-e-Baluch-X. **
**1893 to 1931: Mir Mahmood Khan-II Ahmedzai Baloch: Khan-e-Baluch-XI. **
1931 to 1933: Mir Mohanmiad Azam Jan Ahmedzai Baloch: Khan-e-Baluch-XII.
**1933 to 1974: Mir Ahmad Yar Khan Ahmedzai Baloch

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** His Highness The Khan of Kalat and Sons**

Mir_Baloch · September 11, 2014, 1:19pm

Re: History of Baloch and Balochistan

**Baloch National Code of Honor

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****Baluchmayar

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The most important part of the Baluch unwritten constitution is known as the Baluchmayar, which guides the Baluch national life. In many ways, the Baluch- mayar influences the life of individuals and determines the future of Baluch society. These traditions are completely different from the traditions of the Muslims of the Indo-Pak subcontinent and from those of the Persians of Iran.

1 Baluch Mayar

The demands for honor or the basis of the Baluchmayar are also known as  Laj (Luj), Ghairat, Izzat, Nang, and Namus, which may be interpreted as “the  Baluch Code of Honor”. This code is sometimes referred to by Baluch nationalist writers as Baluchiat (Baluchness). Baluch life is guided by the principles  of Baluchmayar or the Baluch code of honor, but what is “honor”? A Baluch warrior poet in one of his poems on the subject of Ghairat composed the following lines:

Some die for honor and dignity,

Some live for a piece of bread, 

He who avenges himself

 Says farewell to his beautiful wife,

Has no longing for power and wealth.

2 Ber or Hun (Revenge)

The fundamental principle of Baluchmayar calls for an avenging of blood. The Baluch history and folk tales are full of stories of Ber. A Baluch “Battal” (proverb) throws light on the Baluch concept of revenge:

“The Baluch’s revenge for blood

Remains as young for two hundred years

 As a deer of two years.”

In case of murder, the family of the victim is duty-bound to avenge the crime (hun). The obligation of revenge rests on the affected tuman (tribe) or the family against the individual’s tribe or the individual himself. This principle has given birth to intertribal blood feuds, tribal migration and elimination of whole families. To keep alive the principle of Ber, the Baluch poets and elder women of an injured family have always provoked the grudge. Wrote a Baluchpoet:

“The stones may melt away inside deep wells, but spite

Shall ever remain alive in the hearts of true men,

Neither stones melt away nor shall spite move.”

To lessen blood feuds among the Baluch, certain measures were taken during the reign of Mir Nasir Khan the Great and later on by the British when they did a treaty with khan of kalat in Baluchistan “in the name of the Khan”. According to Gul Khan, Nasir Khan the great introduced a system of blood compensation among the Baluch, which was derived from Baluch traditional law. To provide more protection for tribal chiefs and nobles of the Khanate, the compensation was double that payable for a tribesman. Later on the Sardars extended this privilege to their own families, Sardar Khel. The general rate, as fixed during the reign of Nasir Khan the Great, was Rs. 2,700 plus another Rs. lOO to be paid to the Khanate. But a greater privilege was enjoyed by the subject races such as the Hindus, Jews, and servile dependents like the Loris in the matter of blood compensation. Their blood compensation was Rs. 14,000 to Rs. 20,000. This compensation was granted for theie usefulness. It was very seldom that a Baluch tribesman had anyone but his Sial or Mat (person of equal status) murdered. Cash payments were rare and land, camels, sheep, goats, and arms were usually  given instead. The most disgraceful punishment was to demand that the accused and one or two of his close relatives should surrender their arms in a tribal assembly, a tradition known as Mukh. (The Baluch tribes of Derajat and Marri-Bugti have no such tradition of surrendering arms.)

During the late nineteenth century, the blood compensation of Sardar or Sardar Khel amounted to a sum somewhere between twenty and a hundred thousand Rupees. The Baluch tribesmen’s blood compensation was determined at Rs. 1,500 only.  The subject races lost their old status and their blood amount was fixed at a mere two hundred Rupees. Until 1947 murder cases were decided under the Penal Code, the Baluchistan Code, and the British-made “Frontier Crimes Regulations”, though the popular practice remained “blood for blood”. In the old war ballads of the Baluch, many cases of savage revenge are recorded such as...

Haibat Khan Niazi general of sher shah suri Arrested one son of Mir Chakar Rind killed him and and roasted his ribs when Mir Chakar know about that he killed Haibat Khan Niazi fashioned his skull into a cup and had water in it

The Arab geographer, il-Muqaddasi, had already written an account in 98 A.D. about the cruel and barbarous revenge of the Baluch. Muhammad Sardar Khan re- corded a case of Ber between the Gishkauris and Lashars in the 15th century,

Whereby a Gishkauri killed one hundred Lashars in revenge and stated:

“I cannot slaughter the whole world and peace in no way can be restored,

even ray enemies fly to Muscat (beyond the Sea).”

The individual and inter-tribal feuds brought disunity amongst the Baluch
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***Since the rise of nationalism, inter-tribal feuds have been discouraged and are condemned by educated Baluch. Several poems and articles have been written about the need to work for peace and harmony. The principle of revenge should be directed against the enemy .*

3 Bahut (Refuge)

The second great pillar of Baluchmayar is called Bahut (refuge). Under this principle, every Baluch has the obligation to fight to death for a person who has taken refuge regardless of his status as a friend or enemy or stranger. The Baluch war ballads and folk stories are full of persons who sacrificed their lives in the defense and protection of their Bahut. The following Baluch folktale illustrates the significance of Baluchmayar and its Bahut. The tale was recorded by the American anthropologist L. Dupree:

“The tents had been pitched and the women prepared the evening meal. As dusk approached, so did a rider out of the desert. He rode to the tent of the Khan and threw himself from his horse, prostrated himself at the Khan’s feet, and demanded protection. He was being followed, he claimed, by a large band of horsemen with whom his family had a blood feud. The old Khan, wise beyond his years, and as pure as his white beard, granted the applicant asylum. The man was led to the guest tent and was fed, and told to prepare himself for the evening.

“The Khan’s young son came to his father and cried, ‘Oh my father! That is Badshah Gul, who but two months ago slew my brother and your son.’

‘Yes, my son, but now he is a guest in our camp. He has asked for asylum. We have given him asylum. And remember, my son, even if it takes a hundred years, your brother’s death, my son’s death, will be avenged.’

“The young son, inflamed, left his father’s tent and, taking his brother’s dagger from its honored place, crept to the guest tent and buried the dagger into the breast of the guest, as they had buried his brother two months before.

“The next morning, amid cries and lamentations, the body of the guest was discovered. Tearing his clothing, ripping his turban in agony, the old Khan cried, ‘who could have done this? Who could have brought dishonor on the name of our family? The camps of the Baluch will forever condemn us for this dishonour!’ The young son threw himself at his father’s feet and begged forgiveness, saying that in a moment of blind rage, he had dishonored the group. The old Khan took the knife, which had killed the guest and plunged it into the heart of his son.

The Baluch camps still tell of the killing in the guest tent, but they tell the story with honor.”

In the 15th century, the principle of Bahut led the member tribes of the “First Baluch Confederacy” into a civil war of thirty years, which resulted in the fall of the confederacy as well as the Baluch migration to the Indian sub-continent. Bahut was the source of frequent conflict when the British demanded the return of “rebels” or individuals who committed murders in British India.

4 Mehmani (Hospitality) 

The third great pillar of Baluchmayar is hospitality and protection to every guest. The Baluch tribesmen are lavish in their hospitality, which is considered one of the most important duties, even among the poorest of them. During meal- times, all who are present are welcome to share. The chiefs or host spend a great part of their income for Mehmani. All the tribesmen or strangers who visit the Mehman Khana, Utak (guest house) or Giddan (tent) are regarded as guests of the chief. Refusal of hospitality means the violation of the Baluchmayar, which can be punished with a fine by the tribal Jlrga (Council of Elders). The obligation of Mehmani also includes the protection of the guest, although both obligations expire at the moment the guest has left the house of the host or the limit of the host’s territorial responsibility. The obligation provide hospitality and protect the guest is considered of great importance  by the Baluch. In the case of insult or murder of the guest, the obligation of Mehmani demands from the host that he takes Ber, which would be the sacred duty  of the host or host tribe. The principle of Mehmani has influenced the politics of Baluchistan. R. Tample, a British political officer on the North West Frontier, wrote about the importance of hospitality: “They tribesmen) will do almost anything except betray a guest.”

5 Kamzor-o-Lachar (Weak and Helpless Persons)

The principle of Baluchmayar demands that the Kamzor-o-Lachar be respected and that tribesmen refrain from killing them. The following persons are regarded as Kamzor-o-Lachar:

Zal or zan (women)
Bachh (boy) below the age of 17 years
The members of religious minorities such as Hindus
Inferior races such as Ghulara (slave), Domb and Lori (musicians, singers and genealogists) and Nakib (the persons who are bound to supply firewood for the camp of the chiefs, and to carry his post or messages within the limits of the tribe)
A person who is in the shrine or mosque, as long as he remains within its premises

In addition, it is required that fighting cease when a woman, a spiritual leader or a person carrying the Holy Koran (Muslim religious book) intercedes.

6 Etbar/Amanat (Trust)

Another principle of the Baluchmayar is known as ‘Amanat’ or ‘Etbar’. It demands from every member of Baluch society that he defend to the last property entrusted to him. Major Percy Sykos, the British diplomat in Western Baluchistan (Iran), wrote: “The Baluch are extremely honest, and, if entrusted with valuables or letters, will defend them with their lives; also, they are extremely moral, and treat their women more or less as equals. In fact they have a code of honor and generally live up to it. Their honesty is exemplified by the fact that a bag of rupees, containing the pay of all the telegraph employees, used to be sent along the line, each man, in turn, taking out his wages. Only once was this confidence abused, and the thief had to leave the country, which is the heaviest of punishments for a Baluch.”

7 Qaul (Promise) 

The Baluch code of honor expects the Baluch to be loyal to their word or promises. In this regard they differ from their Indian neighbors (Punjabi and Sindhi), where Qaul is regarded as an individual act.

Among Afghans (Pashtuns), the principle of Qaul is also an act of an individual. In 1939, the British Army took Kalat by surprise and killed Mehrab Khan, the ruler of Baluchistan. This treacherous act of the British resulted in the uprisings of the Baluch tribes. In 1940 the British army was sent to subdue  the Marri Baluch. The Marri-British fighting came to an end with the complete British surrender. In return, Marri promised them safe passage and return:   “The Baluch kept to the terms of their treaty, showing honour and even kindness to the garrison.”

8 Shigan (Taunt)

This is the final principle of Baluchmayar. It aims to check those who violate the Baluchmayar, for instance if a person kills his guests or betrays his Bahut, etc. and never takes his revenge. The Baluch poetry and folk stories are full of Shigan, to provoke a “coward” or disheartened person to avenge. A person who ignores his duty to take revenge is always addressd as “Be-Ghairat” (person without honour). This principle reminds the Baluch of his duties and obligations toward Baluchmayar.**