Re: conversation rules
George Lakoff, with Mark Johnson in their book Metaphors We Live By, makes a great point about conversation in the sense of rational arguments/debates and how we tend to stick to the same rules that govern irrational ones.
In other words, just as in face–to–face arguments, in debates we tend to:
Intimidate
1. Threaten
1. Appeal to Authority
1. Insult
1. Belittle
1. Challenge Authority
1. Evade the Issue
1. Bargain
1. Flatter
I’ll give you some examples:
Irrational Fights:
…because I’m bigger & stronger than you. (Intimidate)
…because I’ll kick the crap out of you if you don’t! (Threaten)
…because I’m the boss around here. (Appeal to Authority)
…because you’re stupid! (Insult)
…because you always do it wrong. (Belittle)
…because I’ve got as much right as you to do it. (Challenge Authority)
…because I LOVE YOU! (Evade the Issue)
…if you do this for me then I’ll do … for you. (Bargain)
…because you’re so much better at it than I am! (Flatter)
‘Rational’ Debates (which, remember, all institutions claim rational debate as a ‘higher’ form of argument and frown upon such tactics):
…Clearly… [or] Obviously… [or] It is plausible to assume that… (Intimidate)
…your agument commits the Fallacy of… [or] It would be unscientific to… (Threaten)
…Hume has observed that… [or] As Plato showed… (Appeal to Authority)
…In a display of ‘scholarly objectivity’… [or] Your argument lacks the necessary rigour to… (Insult)
…Few people today seriously hold that view! (Belittle)
…Lest we succumb to the error of ‘positivist’ approaches… (Challenge Authority)
…You do present some challenging facts, BUT… [or] You don’t present any alternative theory…
…Your position is as right as far as it goes… (Bargain)
…Your argument raises some interesting issues… (Flatter)
See what I mean?