peace brother psyah, my question relates to people in non muslim and remote parts of the world. is there a term for people who genuinely have not heard the message? and is there any sort of minimum information one needs to hear before a person can be said to have entered kufr?
Peace shardmanny
This is a simple question with a complex answer.
First of all the quoting from two main schools of 'aqeedah in Ahl-ul-Sunnah wal-Jammah ... 'Ashari and Maturidi ... are named after the scholars who first documented sets of beliefs that were considered necessary to be Muslim extracted from the Qur'an and Sunnah.
'Ashari - holds that due to the verse in the Qur'an that we are heavily disadvantaged and that Muslims were instructed to spread the message and the fact that messengers were sent that humans by default can never arrive at the truth 'absolute' without scriptural/prophetic guidance, so they have a different conclusion for those people of remote parts.
Maturidi - holds that due to our fitrah being inclined to arrive at the truth and also in the Qur'an it states that every soul knows righteousness it hence arrives at a different conclusion for such people.
In short there are differences in the two ideas that one believes some people who are not Muslim can enter Jannah as long as they follow their tribal codes and natural human laws. Other people believe that there is no excuse for not seeking the truth.
Others have refined these ideas and say that to be monotheist can mean that one enters Jannah so long as they are 'good' according to divine law. Some people say that if they have had the message of Islam then they have no excuse ... others say further that if they have not had the message of Islam given in the best way then still they are safe or their accountability will be reduced.
A monotheist is a mutawahid this is mentioned in hadith as far as I remember
A mushrik is a person who does not worship God exclusively, and these may be of two main types, kaafir and daaleen. Those who cover the truth and those who have gone astray. There are also those people who Zalimun the tyrants or wrongdoers, who are also called 'maghdubi 'alahim' on whom is the Wrath, who are not necessarily kaafir but commit kufr.
Kaafir is hence an all encompassing word, notice the difference in the two types of people in Surah Fatihah ... Those who earn the Wrath of Allah and those who have gone astray ... According to Sh. Ibn Kathir the former are the Jews and the latter are the Christians ... looking at them closer one can see that Jews are viewed as mutawahhid (montheistic) but very zealous and have bad character. The other i.e. Christians are those who have sincere motives are good natured, but have gone astray i.e. commit shirk. So you see ... both are kaafir ...
One group maintains Haquq Allah but not Haquq al-ibaad and the other maintains Haquq al-ibaad but not Haquq Allah.
Haquq Allah = Rights of Allah
Haquq Ibaad = Rights of the Servants (People/Environment)
However, there are those who know the truth and hide it, there are those who don't know their falsehood and there is a distinction between these people and we must believe this as we hold that God is Just.