Nice and helpful information clearing some general misconceptions.
How do you see the overall backwardness of Muslims (especially in education) during that period, which was rectified to certain extent by people like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
Until around just before 1800, the Muslim world was not particularly disadvantaged in education. Europe did not have broad education either, and the education that most people received was in liberal arts - languages, philosophy, law, religion, etc. Scientific development at the time in Europe was not far off from Muslim Central Asia's peak in 1300-1400.
The industrial revolution around 1800 changed everything in Europe. The education needed for mass engineering became formalised, which led to improved scientific knowledge, and it all cascaded from there.
Most of Muslim India was weak or colonised by then and did not have an industrial base, which meant that modern education was not prioritised. The backwardness of the Muslim population thus resulted from them being stuck with the education system needed for governing an agrarian society, completely unsuited to the modern industrial world.
But how Hindus of India didn't face the same level of backwardness as compared to Muslims? Were there any internal restrictions in Muslim families that add to seriousness of the problem? I think Sir Syed had to convince Muslims to educate their children with new subjects (science, etc) as these subjects (taught in English) were probably considered against the so called sharia of Mulla?
yes even first president of india DR.rajendra prasad started his primary education in a madarsaa........
we should remember role of islamic universities of spain..........
AMU is already known for best research in physical sciences in India, but now university is debating if women should be allowed in library. It is pity that the religion that produce woman warrior like Begum Hazrat Mahal, And young muslim girls go to madrassas as well. It is time for indians to change this type of culture.
Actually, an excellent example of the technological disparity were the Mysore rockers that Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan used against the British around 1780 . These were locally developed in India and were technology much superior to any rockets ever used in Europe.
The other tactics used by Hyder Ali was that he never allowed his two enemies to combine to form a bloc, British used better strategy of making Tipu fight continuously thereby weakening him. As mentioned, there are still remains of Tipu's ammunition factory in SriRangpattnam.
But how Hindus of India didn't face the same level of backwardness as compared to Muslims? Were there any internal restrictions in Muslim families that add to seriousness of the problem? I think Sir Syed had to convince Muslims to educate their children with new subjects (science, etc) as these subjects (taught in English) were probably considered against the so called sharia of Mulla?
British used discriminatory policies after 1857, the population of muslims in delhi was also reduced due to this after the rebellion even though majority of Sepoys were Hindus. Secondly, British won 1857 rebellion because of better organization, command structure and intelligence which rebels despite having same training and technologically similar weaponry. Not all hindus were studying, studying was mostly Brahmin thing, other forward class was too rich and backwards were too much marginalized in this field to do anything considerable
I thought Indistrail revolution started around 1500?
Institutionalization of science and technical education came around 1800s