Re: Evolution?
PP1, Intelligent design and concept of being "irreducibly complex" have been hypothesized to refute the theory of evolution. However, it would be folly to thins that ID is pro-religion--it only stands as an anti-theory to the theory of evolution.
Like ID, here is another example. The second law of thermodynamics --unlike the theory of evolution, it is an univeral law-- states that nature loves DISORDER (entropy of a system always increases), and nothing in nature or science disobeys this law (observe how concentrated organized molecules of your cologne diffuse around the room), except the theory of evolution (TOE). According to the TOE, human beings-- complex species--evolved from unicellular organisms--simple species, which directly violates the second law.