For the time period of Hazrat Muhammad 
you must read Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum by Maulana Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri
this is one of the best seerat books written ever in Urdu (also available in English)
also try “Seerat-un-nabi” by Allama Shibli Nomani
For The time period of Khulafa’e Rashideen, there are many, but i will recommend the following:
- Al Farooq, again by Allama Shibli Nomani
- Khilafat-e-rashida by Maulana Idrees Kandhalvi
and for complete time period, better than any book, i will recommend you listen to Shaikh Makki Hijazi’s lectures in Khulafay-a-Rashaydeen series
you can find it here http://rahejannat.wordpress.com/audios/tqareer-2/مولانا-مکی-صاحب/#Sh._Makki_Al-Hijazi_-_Khulafay-a-Rashaydeen
for ummawi khilafat, i dont remember any good book right now, but i will definitely recommend one book which is “Hazrat Ameer Muavia aur Tareekhi Haqaiq”, this is important book covering the beginning of umawi khilafat, and clears many misconceptions, you can download here http://www.ahlehaq.com/ah/index.php?option=com_jdownloads&Itemid=87&task=view.download&catid=75&cid=867