Dear Brothers and Sisters Asslamu Alikum,
This reply shell concentrate on the “more precise” understanding of the word “Khilaafah”.
Br. Moiz refers to the word Khilafah as QUOTE>> Both are used in their literal meaning and implication, which is ‘rule’, ‘government’ etc<
Br. Partypooper refers to the word Khilafah as QUOTE>>If by the word Khilafah, they mean government<<UNQUOTE
According to “The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000”
The word “literal” means:
1. Being in accordance with, conforming to, or upholding the exact or primary meaning of a word or words.
2. Conforming or limited to the simplest, nonfigurative, or most obvious meaning of a word or words.
The word “implication” means:
1. The act of implicating or the condition of being implicated.
2. Something that is implied, especially: a. An indirect indication; a suggestion. b. An implied meaning; implicit significance. c. An inference.
So, right away we know that there could be a literal meaning of the word “Khilaafah” and then there could be an implied meaning of the word “Khilaafah” as well. As per Br. Moiz and Br. Partypooper both literal and implied meaning of the word “Khilaafah” according to their understanding is “Rule” and
“Government”. Furthermore “etc” in Br. Moiz commentary indicates that there could be more to it. For the sake of simplicity we will only analyze the words “Rule” and “Government” as used in the modern American English to see how close these two words are in their literal and implied meaning to the Arabic word of “Khilaafah” VS the word “Vicegerency”. We also have to take into consideration the fact that we are only interested in understanding the meaning of the Arabic word “Khilaafah” in the light of Islamic context.
According to “The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000”
The word “Rule” means:
1. Governing power or its possession or use; authority.
2. An authoritative, prescribed direction for conduct.
The word “Government” means:
1. The act or process of governing.
2. The office, function, or authority of a governing individual or body.
To enhance our understanding of the above words lets state the meaning of the words “Govern” and “authority.”
The word “Govern” means “To make and administer the public policy and affairs of; exercise sovereign authority in.”
The word “Authority” means “The power to enforce laws, exact obedience, command, determine, or judge.”
Now lets place the various words coined by Br. Moiz and Br. PartyPooper in place of the word “Khilaafah” to see how close they are in their literal and implied meaning.
Could “Khilaafah” mean “Rule” in its literal meaning?
To “literally” use the word “Rule” for the word “Khilaafah” would then amount to consider that “Khilaafah is the governing power” therefore it can exercise as a “sovereign authority”
Here the word “Sovereign” is the key to every thing, again we refer to “The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000” to see what does the word “sovereign” means. We find out that the word “sovereign” means “One that exercises supreme, permanent authority”
But we know that Sovereignty belongs to ALLAH (SWT) alone from Al_Quran, please see the following:
Surah Al-Fatihah, Verse 2 “Praise be to ALLAH, Lord of the worlds”
The Arabic word “Rabb” is usually translated as Lord but it is poor substitute for the word “Rabb” which signifies not only Soveriegn but also the Sustainer and Cherisher of the Worlds.
Also:
Surah Yusuf, Verse 40 “The command is for none but Allah”
Surah Al-Hadid, Verse 5 “Hu’s is the Sovereignty of Havens and the Earth”
Surah Al-Mulk, Verse 1“Blessed is Hu in whose hands is the sovereignty and Hu over all things hath power”
Such and others are the Verses which establish the Sovereignty of ALLAH (SWT) beyond any doubt and nobody, not even the whole world can lay claim to Hu’s Sovereignty. Now lets go back and consider the word “Rule” for the word “Khilaafah”, we will find out that “Khilaafah as a governing power CANNOT exercise as a sovereign authority” because the Sovereign authority only belongs to ALLAH (SWT) and NOT “Khilaafah”.
Same goes with the word “Government” when substituted for the word “Khilaafah” it will be taken of “Khilaafah” as an “act or process of governing” therefore it will have the right to “govern” which will again take us to the word “govern” which means to “exercise sovereign authority”.
BUT then again it is very clear that the only Sovereign authority is ALLAH (SWT) and not the Khilaafah, therefore it will not be correct to use the word “Government” for “Khilaafah” in its literal meaning.
Khilaafah as Vicegerency:
Since “Khilaafah” is an Arabic word. To grasp a better understanding of this word first lets go to “THE HANS WEHR DICTIONARY OF MODERN WRITTEN ARABIC”
The word “Khilaafah” means:
1. Vicarship
2. Deputyship
3. Office of a Khalifa
Now obviously the word “Khalifa” has to be looked as well to understand the word “Khilaafah”. According to “THE HANS WEHR DICTIONARY OF MODERN WRITTEN ARABIC”
The word “Khalifa” means:
1. Vicar
2. Deputy
Derives from the word “Khalafa” which mean:
1. To be the successor
2. Come after
NOW
According to “The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000”
The word “Vicegerency” means:
1. The authority of a vicegerent
For better understanding we shell look for the word “Vicegerent” which means:
1. A person appointed by a ruler to act as an administrative deputy.
Now when we substitute the word “Vicegerency” for “Khilaafah” we find out that:
The “Khilaafah” as an institution should be “The authority of a vicegerent”. Substituting the meaning of the word “Authority” as described above we would get that “Khilaafah as an institution has the power to enforce laws as determined by the Vicegerent.”
Now who is this “Vicegerent”?
According to the dictionary Vicegerent is “A person appointed by a ruler to act as an administrative deputy”
Therefore two questions arises:
First question is who is The Ruler, very simple since Sovereignty belongs to ALLAH (SWT) therefore only ALLAH (SWT) has the absolute right to Rule. So, obviously “The Ruler” is ALLAH (SWT).
The second question is tricky who is this PERSON appointed by The Ruler to act as HU’s administrative deputy on this planet?
This complexity may be cleared with reference to the context.
Man is placed on this planet as Khalifa of ALLAH (SWT) to enforce and administer Divine law. Read following Verses of Surah Al-Baqarah in Arabic (SWT) says:
Note that occasion, When your Rabb said to the angels: I am going to place a Khalifa (the actual word used in Quran is Khalifa meaning vicegerent meaning a person appointed by The Ruler the real Sovereign ALLAH (SWT) to act as an administrative deputy) on earth. They said: “Will You place there one who will make mischief and shed blood while we sing Your praises and glorify Your name?” Allah said: I know what you know not [30] He taught Adam the names of all things; then he presented the things to the angels and said: “Tell Me the names of these if what you say is true?” (Allah did this to show Adam’s special qualities of learning and memory). [31] “Glory to You,” they replied, “we have no knowledge except what You have taught us: in fact You are the One who is perfect in knowledge and wisdom.” [32] Allah said: “O Adam! Tell them the names.” When Adam told them the names, Allah said: “Did I not tell you that I know the secrets of the heavens and earth and I know what you revel and what you conceal ?” [33]
First we notice here is that man is the Khalifa “on earth.” What should be examined secondly is the reason of being a “Khalifah.” Which properties have given the man the quality of “being a Khalifa?” as the answer to this question is “He taught Adam (AS) the names of all things.” The Man (Insan) has been brought to being along with a capacity and an aptitude to unfold and carry out as much of ALLAH (SWT) countless names as ALLAH (SWT) wished. The endowment of such a capacity and aptitude to man is what “teaching him all the names” refer to.
Before the institution of prophethood was concluded, the prophets of Allah (SWT) were HU’s vicegerents (meaning a persons appointed by The Ruler the real Sovereign ALLAH (SWT) to act as administrative deputies ) in their individual capacities, because they used to receive direct revelation from Almighty ALLAH (SWT), all prophets were HU’s representatives and deputies (Khalifa) on earth; they had responsibility for implementing HU’s Orders and executing HU’s Will. This implies that Khilaafah, before the conclusion of prophethood, was strictly individual and personal, as it used to be the prerogative of a single person, i.e., the prophet, to implement and execute the orders of the Real Sovereign. Thus, Allah (SWT) has addressed Prophet Daud (AS) in these words: "O Daud! Verily, We have made you a Khalifa (vicegerent) in the earth…." (Saad 38:26). I by the way quoted this verse in my Nov. 14, 2000 post and Br. Partypooper finally reffers to the same verse in his last post. Those who know the Arabic language will appreciate that the address here is in second person singular: Allah (SWT) is addressing only Prophet Daud (AS). Thus, Prophet Daud (AS) was a Khalifa (vicegerent) of Allah (SWT) in his personal capacity.
Allah (SWT) ended the institution of prophethood after Prophet Muhammad (SAW), Therefore Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was the last person who was a Khlifah of Almighty Allah (SWT) in his personal and individual capacity. The institution of Khilafah can no longer continue as an individual and personal affair after the termination of prophethood, as no one can claim that he is receiving direct revelation from ALLAH (SWT). Thus, after the demise of the Holy Prophet (SAW), the institution of Khilaafah must become the COLLECTIVE AFFAIR OF THE ENTIRE MUSLIM UMMAH rather than the individual affair of the prophet. Read Surah An-Nur, Verse 55 in Arabic:
"Allah has promised those amongst you who believe, and do righteous good deeds, that HU will certainly grant them SUCCESSION to the PRESENT RULERS on the Earth, as HU granted it to those before them; that HU will establish in authority their religion – the one which HU has chosen for them; and that HU will change their state, after the fear in which they lived, to one of security and peace: They worship ME alone and not associate ought with Me. IF any do reject Faith after this, they are Rebellious and Wicked."
Note that the address here is in the third personal plural, which indicates that “Khilaafah” is now for the COLLECTIVITY OF MUSLIMS RATHER THAN FOR ANY SINGLE INDIVIDUAL.
We find out that instead of a SINGULAR PERSON it is the entire UMMAH now who is responsible to act as HU’s administrative deputy on this planet. Therefore to establish the institution of “Khilaafah” becomes a collective responsibility.
Now, let’s go back and substitute the word “Vicegerency” for the word “Khilaafah” we find out that:
The “Khilaafah” as an institution should be “The authority of a vicegerent”. Substituting the meaning of the word “Authority” as described above we would get that “Khilaafah as an institution has the power to enforce laws as determined by the Vicegerent.”
Now who is this “Vicegerent”?
The ENTIRE UMMAH is the “Vicegerent”.
Khilaafah therefore at best can perhaps only be the “Vicegerency” which CANNOT claim to be a sovereign entity. It’s only status is of a deputy, representative or a vicegerent of the real Sovereign ALLAH (SWT). It is obligated to obey the real Sovereign ALLAH (SWT) by enforcing the DEEN AL-ISLAM prescribed by the real Sovereign ALLAH (SWT) as the ONLY way of life on this planet.
In simple words Khilaafah is an institution which is responsible to establish the Divine DEEN of AL-ISLAM” as the only WORLD ORDER on this planet. The responsibility to establish such an institution rests on the shoulder of this UMMAH. Establishing the Khilaafah is Fard Al-Kifaya upon this Ummah.
Note: No word other then “Khilaafah” can encompass the meaning of “Khilaafah” as understood in the beautiful language of Arabic. My dear brothers and sisters this is why we should all learn Arabic, so we do not become handicap in understanding the Message of ALLAH (SWT). Even the word “Vicegerency” is not a substitution for the word “Khilaafah” but that is the best I can do at-least for now. I believe that words like “Government” and “Rule” can be used not in their literal meaning but in their implied meaning for substitution purpose only when the concept of “Khilaafah is clear cut” in the mind when they are used. Just like there is no substitute for the word “ALLAH” but often the word “God” is used as substitution, even though it does not even come close to the beautiful name “ALLAH”. Also kindly remove confusion between “Khilaafah” and “Universal Islamic State”. As I had said it in several posts that we should not confuse establishing “Khilaafah” with establishing a “Universal Islamic State”.
[This message has been edited by Musalman (edited December 27, 2000).]